Objective To investigate the importance of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in the development of quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria.Methods A total of 541 consecutive clinical isolates of gram-negative ba- cilli resistant or intermediate to ciprofloxacin were screened for the qnrA gene by PCR.Conjugation experiments were carried out with azide-resistant E.coli J53 as a recipient.The aac(6')-Ib-cr gene was detected.The mutations in the quinolone-resist- ance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA and parC genes were identified in qnrA positive strains.Results qnrA was identi- fied in 7 of the 541 strains.Among the qnrA positive strains,5 were Enterobacter cloacae.No qnrA was detected in nonfer- menters.Quinolone resistance was transferred in 4 of 7 qnrA positive strains.Transconjugants had 12-to 125-fold increases in MIC of ciprofloxacin relative to that of the recipient.Seven strains contained qnrA with a nucleotide sequence identical to that originally reported.Two transconjugants with higher ciprofloxacin MICs contained aac(6')-Ib-cr gene.Mutations occurred in the QRDR of the gyrA and parC genes in 5 PCR-positive clinical strains.Conclusions Transferable plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance associated with qnrA is highly prevalent in clinical strains of Enterobacter spp.aac(6')-Ib-cr gene and mutations in the quinolone targets may co-exist with qnrA,which may contribute to the further increase of resistance to quinolones.

Acute Kidney Injury ; therapy ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; surgery ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Postoperative Complications ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo establish a method for detecting plasma polydatin using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and investigate the pharmacokinetics of polydatin in Beagle dogs.

METHODSHPLC-based detection of polydatin was performed on a Hypersil-BDS C18 column with a mobile phase of methanol and water (35:65) at the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and the detection wavelength of 290 nm. The pharmacokinetic parameters of polydatin were calculated by non-compartment model statistics.

RESULTSThe standard curve was linear within the range of 0.21-21.0 microg/ml (correlation coefficient of 0.9995, n=5). The average recovery was 90% with a relative standard deviation no more than 8.0%. The limit of detection of the method was 0.1 microg/ml. The pharmacokinetic parameters of polydatin at 3 doses were obtained, with T((1/2)); of 89.95-/+19.96 min, 152.15-/+55.82 min, and 202.36-/+66.75 min, and AUC0-infinity of 300.14-/+51.33 g.min.ml(-1), 751.72-/+173.97 g.min.ml(-1) and 1521.12-/+310.02 microg.min.ml(-1), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe method we established allows effective detection of polydatin, whose pharmacokinetics conforms to the two-compartment model.

Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dogs ; Female ; Glucosides ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Limit of Detection ; Linear Models ; Male ; Reproducibility of Results ; Stilbenes ; blood ; pharmacokinetics

AIMThe relationship between gastric acid secretion and ATP level, and regulation of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) mRNA expression by vagus nerve were studied in vagotomies rats.

METHODSWith the high selective vagotomy model, the gastric acidity was titrated to pH 7.0 with 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution and ATP contents were quantified by using fluorimetry. The expression of UCP2 mRNA was observed by using Northern blot in stomach of rats.

RESULTSBoth of gastric acidity and ATP contents in stomach body decreased significantly at 24 h after vagotomy. The expression of UCP2 mRNA was markedly increased as compared with sham operation group.

CONCLUSIONATP contents decreased and vagus nerve down-regulates expression of UCP2 mRNA in stomach corpus in vagotomies rats. The results indicates that vagus nerve could underlay the gastric acidity by inhibiting expression of UCP2 mRNA and increasing ATP contents in rats.

Adenosine Triphosphate ; metabolism ; Animals ; Gastric Acid ; secretion ; Ion Channels ; genetics ; metabolism ; Male ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Uncoupling Protein 2 ; Vagotomy ; Vagus Nerve ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of bitter-cold herbs easing dampness method (BCHEDM) plus Sanhuang Yilong Decoction (SYD) combined with methotrexate (MTX) on expression levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and IL-17 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients of accumulated dampness-heat syndrome (ADHS).

METHODSFrom January 2011 to January 2013 recruited were 90 RA inpatients of ADHS at Department of Integrative Medicine on Rheumatoid Disease, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region. They were assigned to the treatment group (45 cases) and the control group (45 cases) according to the random digit table produced by SPSS 11.5 Software. Patients in the treatment group were treated by heavy bitter-cold herbs plus SYD combined with MTX, while those in the control group were treated by MTX alone. Expressional levels of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-17 in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before treatment, at week 2 and 4 after treatment. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) were detected as well.

RESULTSAfter two or four weeks of treatment, ESR, CRP, and DAS28 decreased more in the treatment group than in the control group with statistical difference (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). After four weeks of treatment, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, ESR, CRP, and DAS28 in the treatment group were all lower than before treatment and those of the control group at corresponding time points with statistical difference (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSYD combined MTX could play roles of improving inflammatory indices within 2 weeks, and inhibiting the expression of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-17 within 4 weeks.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; blood ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Blood Sedimentation ; C-Reactive Protein ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Interleukin-1 ; blood ; Interleukin-17 ; blood ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Methotrexate ; therapeutic use ; Syndrome ; Treatment Outcome

AIMTo evaluate the in vitro/in vivo correlation for three kinds of self-designed sustained-release nitrendipine formulations using deconvolution method.

METHODSThe characteristics of in vivo release were calculated by deconvolution method using the data of plasma concentration of three kinds of self-designed sustained-release nitrendipine formulations in healthy dogs, in which the in vivo results of nitrendipine solution after oral administrated to dogs were used as weight function. It was the compared with characteristics of in vitro release to assess the in vitro/in vivo correlations.

RESULTSThe good correlations of in vitro/in vivo were shown in three kinds of self-designed sustained-release nitrendipine formulations using deconvolution method.

CONCLUSIONThe deconvolution method exhibited advantage in evaluation of in vitro/in vivo correlation for self-designed sustained-release nitrendipine formulations.

Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Dogs ; Methylcellulose ; analogs & derivatives ; Microspheres ; Nitrendipine ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Powders ; Silicone Gels ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

Animals ; Asia ; epidemiology ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype ; chemistry ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; history ; virology ; Mutation

OBJECTIVETo establish the quality control method of the extract enriched hypericins and flavonoids (HFEE) prepared from Hypericum perforatum by means of HPLC fingerprint analysis, and to evaluate the validity, stability of within-day and between-day of the preparing process of HFEE as well as the influence of antioxidant and the herbal source to the quality of HFEE.

METHODHPLC-UV-MS was employed to the qualitative and quantitative analyses of HFEE.

RESULTTen peaks on the HPLC fingerprint of HFEE were indicated, and eight compounds of them had been identified. With respect of the preparing process of HFEE, the validity and stability were significantly observed. There was almost no effect observed on the quality of HFEE whether or not adding the antioxidant during the process. However, different parts of the plant collected as the materials could significantly affect the quality of HFEE.

CONCLUSIONThe method established in the present study is convenient, reliable, and could be used for the quality control of the extract of H. perforatum and for the monitor and control of the preparing process of the extract.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Hypericum ; chemistry ; Perylene ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Components, Aerial ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Quercetin ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Rutin ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Technology, Pharmaceutical

OBJECTIVETo investigate and research the appraisal scores of the symptoms and physical signs index for the evaluation of the clinical efficacy of acupuncture and manipulative regulation of knee muscle balance for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis, and provide clinical basis for the treatment.

METHODSFrom January 2008 to December 2009, 121 patients with knee osteoarthritis were randomly divided into two groups. In the treatment group there were 63 cases of 83 knees including 16 males and 47 females, with an average age of (59.88 +/- 7.97) years; in the control group there were 58 cases of 73 knees including 13 males and 45 females, with an average age of (57.95 +/- 10.37) years. The patients in the treatment group were treated with acupuncture plus manipulative regulation of knee muscle balance, and the patients in the control group were treated with Diclofenac Sodium Sustained Release Tablets. The appraisal scores of the symptoms and physical signs index, numerical rating scale of pain, joint function, joint swelling were evaluated before and after the treatment, as well as 3 months after the treatment. All data were statistical analyzed by package SPSS 10.0.

RESULTS1) In the treatment group, before and after treatment the appraisal scores of the symptoms and physical signs index were (39.81 +/- 3.92) and (9.69 +/- 8.08); numerical rating scale of pain were (7.61 +/- 0.97) and (2.17 +/- 2.09); joint function were (1.47 +/- 0.50) and (0.61 +/- 0.58); joint swelling were (1.23 +/- 0.79) and (0.42 +/- 0.52). As well in the control group, above data were (39.89 +/- 3.78), (13.62 +/- 7.83), (7.55 +/- 0.71), (3.34 +/- 2.32), (1.33 +/- 0.47), (0.93 +/- 0.67), an (0.97 +/- 0.88), (0.58 +/- 0.52) respectively. Both group had obvious differences in the appraisal scores of the symptoms and physical signs index, numerical rating scale of pain, joint function, joint swelling between after and before treatment. The comparison between the two groups suggested that after the treatments the treatment group had better therapy effect than those of the control group in the appraisal scores of the symptoms and physical signs index, numerical rating scale of pain, joint function, but both group had no differences in the appraisal scores of joint swelling. 2) After the treatment, 12 patients in the treatment group were clinically cured, 48 had remarkable effects,19 good, and 4 ineffective. As well in the control group, above data were 5, 31, 34 and 3 respectively. Three months after the treatment, above data were 8, 42, 27 and 6 respectively in the treatment group. In the control group, above data were 5, 21, 37 and 10 respectively. The treatment group was superior to the control group after the treatments and 3 months after the treatment.

CONCLUSIONAcupuncture plus manipulative regulation of knee muscle balance can effectively improve the clinical symptoms and knee joint's motor function of patients with knee osteoarthritis, and can avoid the further development of disease. It is a proved effective method for knee osteoarthritis.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Manipulation, Orthopedic ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Osteoarthritis, Knee ; physiopathology ; therapy