Objective To find out the potential risk factor of plague in Wanzhou section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, and to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of plague. Methods Rodents were captured by rat traps/cages at night and identified into species in Wanzhou section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area from 2001 to 2009. Flea was counted and serum antibodies against plague F1 of rats, cats and dogs were detected by indirect hemagglutination (IHA). Plague surveillances were performed in human beings and rats. Results The rodents captured belonged to 9 species, 2 families, 2 orders and 1 classes. The average indoor rodent density was 1.16% (961/82 558), and was 1.12% (1345/119 671) outdoors. Rattus norvegicus was the dominant species,accounting for 50.37%. The proportion of R. Flavipectus was 3.80% in 2004, 4.50% in 2008 and 10.12% in 2009,showing an increasing trend year by year. There were three kinds of mice infected fleas in Wanzhou, which including Xenopsylla cheopis, Leptopsylla segnis and Ctenocephalides felis. The average rate of flea infected mice was 1.18%(82/6959) and the total flea index was 0.036. No F1 antibody against plague was detected in 6959 dogs and 160 cats serum samples. Conclusions No plague is found in Wanzhou section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. But R.Flavipectus, Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis are dominant species in Wanzhou section, and the proportion of which shows an increasing trends year by year. There is a potential risk of plague outbreaks in Wanzhou section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the perihematomal tissues in human hypertensive,intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and brain edema formation following ICH.Methods Paraffin-embedded brain tissues of 39 human fatal cases of ICH from the perihematomal tissues,1—3 cm away from the margin of the hemorrhagic lesion,as well as tissues from the corresponding area at the opposite side as controls,were stained with HE and immunohistochemistry staining.The expressions of MMP-9 and ICAM-1 in the pefihematomal tissues were analyzed with the SPSS 11.5 system.Results ①With MMP-9 immunohistochemical staining positive capillaries in the perihematomal tissues were identified at 2 h ((1.2? 0.8)/HP).The number of MMP-9 positive capillaries began to rise at 5—10 h ((4.1?0.8)/HP) reaching the peak at 45—48 h ((10.6?1.4)/HP,P

OBJECTIVETo compare the effects of common carotid artery and femoral vein administration of propofol for electrocerebral silence (ES) on circulatory and respiratory function and the dosage of propofol required during ES in dogs.

METHODSEight dogs were anesthetized by common carotid arterial and femoral vein administration of propofol for ES for 1 h. The time of consciousness loss and recovery, dose of propofol during ES, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, end-tidal carbon dioxide, SpO2, cerebral state index (CSI) and anal temperature were continuously monitored. Changes in the outcome variables were analyzed at 7 time points, namely the baseline, upon loss of consciousness, at 10 s, 30 min and 1 h of CSI=0, and recovery of CSI and consciousness.

RESULTSCarotid artery propofol administration produced ES with only half of the dose for intravenous administration. Compared with the baseline values, the mean artery pressure and respiration rate remained unchanged or decreased transiently during ES with carotid artery propofol administration. In contrast, intravenous propofol administration resulted in systemic hypotension and severe respiratory depression.

CONCLUSIONCarotid artery propofol administration produces ES with a much smaller dose than intravenous propofol administration without causing systemic hypotension or respiratory depression.

Anesthetics, Intravenous ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Blood Circulation ; drug effects ; Blood Pressure ; drug effects ; Brain ; blood supply ; drug effects ; physiology ; Carotid Arteries ; Consciousness ; Dogs ; Female ; Femoral Vein ; Heart Rate ; drug effects ; Injections, Intra-Arterial ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Propofol ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Respiration ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo investigate the efficacy of continuous propofol infusion via the common carotid artery for general anesthesia.

METHODSForty adult patients scheduled for abdominal surgery were randomly assigned into 2 groups to receive propopol via the common carotid artery (IC group, n=20) or via the median cubital vein (IV group, n=20). Anesthesia was induced with intravenous administration of drugs and maintained with continuous propofol infusion via the common carotid artery or the median cubital vein, with the CSI stabilized at 40-/+5 till the end of the operation. During the anesthesia, intravenous injection of fentanyl (3 microg.kg(-1).h(-1)) and vecuronium (50 microg.kg(-1).h(-1)) were given intermittently to maintain the analgesia and muscular relaxation. The dose of propofol used, hemodynamics and recovery of the patients were observed.

RESULTSThe dose of propofol used during the surgery to maintain a CSI of 40-/+5 was significantly lower in group IC and than in group IV (2.57-/+0.67 vs 5.72-/+1.37 mg.kg(-1).h(-1), P<0.01). In group IC, the blood pressure was elevated in more than half of the patients and in some cases, the elevation exceeded one third of baseline value and needed intervention with hypotensive drugs. In the IV group, the patients' blood pressure remained stable and varied within the amplitude of 15% of the baseline level. Recovery of spontaneous breathing and consciousness was more quickly in group IC than in group IV (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONLoss of consciousness and nervous reflex can be achieved with propofol infusion via the common carotid artery, which reduces propofol dose by about 50% in comparison with intravenous infusion and allows more rapid recovery of spontaneous breath and consciousness.

Abdomen ; surgery ; Adult ; Aged ; Analgesics, Opioid ; administration & dosage ; Anesthesia, General ; methods ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Female ; Fentanyl ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; administration & dosage ; Infusions, Intra-Arterial ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nicotinic Antagonists ; administration & dosage ; Propofol ; administration & dosage ; Treatment Outcome ; Vecuronium Bromide ; administration & dosage

OBJECTIVETo investigate the quantitative and qualitative changes of TCRVα24(+)Vβ11(+) natural killer T (NKT) cells from bone marrow (BM) of aplastic anemia (AA) after in vitro stimulation of α-galactosylceramide (α-Galcer).

METHODSNKT cells in the bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) from either AA patients or healthy controls were enumerated with flow cytometry. BMMNCs were cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with either α-Galcer and rhIL-2 or α-Galcer, rhIL-2 and rhG-CSF. The proliferative capacity of NKT cells was determined by NKT cell numbers before and after in vitro culture. Expression of intracellular IFNγ and IL-4 in activated NKT cells was analyzed with flow cytometry.

RESULTSIn AA group, the percentage of NKT cells in BMMNCs was (0.19 ± 0.09)%. Addition of rhG-CSF into the α-Galcer/rhIL-2 culture medium resulted in significantly reduced expansion of NKT cells (67.45 ± 29.42-fold vs 79.91 ± 40.56 fold, P < 0.05). Meanwhile, addition of rhG-CSF reduced IFNγ positive NKT cells \[(37.45 ± 7.89)% vs (62.31 ± 14.67)%, P < 0.01\] and increased IL-4 positive NKT cells \[(55.11 ± 12.13)% vs (27.03 ± 9.88)%, P < 0.01\]. In healthy control group, the percentage of NKT cells in BMMNCs was (0.25 ± 0.12)%. Addition of rhG-CSF into the α-Galcer/rhIL-2 culture medium also significantly reduced expansion of NKT cells (97.91 ± 53.22-fold vs 119.58 ± 60.49-fold, P < 0.05), reduced IFNγ positive NKT cells \[(28.65 ± 10.63)% vs (50.87 ± 12.66)%, P < 0.01\], and increased IL-4 positive NKT cells \[(66.53 ± 14.96)% vs (31.11 ± 10.07)%, P < 0.01\].

CONCLUSIONCompared to those from healthy controls, BMMNCs from AA patiants have a reduced fraction of NKT cells, which possesses a decreased potential to expand in vitro in response to α-Galcer stimulation, and produce more IFNγ(+) NKT1 cells. rhG-CSF, in combination with α-Galcer, confers polarization of NKT cells towards IL-4(+) NKT2 subpopulation.

Anemia, Aplastic ; metabolism ; Bone Marrow ; metabolism ; Humans ; Interleukin-4 ; metabolism ; Killer Cells, Natural ; cytology ; Natural Killer T-Cells