Myopia is one of the most popular eye diseases all over the world. The development of the current understanding of its mechanism is still limited. Many studies indicated that the growth factors closely related to eye development and myopia. Some growth factors with biological activity, such as transforming growth factor ( TGF ), fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) and epidermal growth factor ( EGF ), have an impact on scleral thickness variation, the regulation of the development of myopia and so on, which plays a non-negligible role in the pathogenesis of myopia. In this paper, the function of various growth factors in myopia will be reviewed.

Objective To investigate the changes of serum glycocholicacid(CG),hyaluronic acid(HA),procollagen type Ⅲ(PCⅢ) in neonatal diseases.Method The levels of serum CG,HA and PCⅢ were measured by radioimmunoassay in 46 neonates with different diseases and 20 healthy neonates.Results Serum CG and HA in patients group were significant higher than those in healthy control group(P

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical application value of 8.5/11.5 F transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of refractory hematospermia.

METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed 78 cases of refractory hematospermia diagnosed and treated by 8.5/11.5 F transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy from June 2012 to June 2014. The patients underwent serum PSA examination, transrectal ultrasonography, seminal vesicle ultrasonography, and pelvis CT or MRI before surgery, and all received transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy under the 8.5/11.5 F rigid ureteroscope.

RESULTSOperations were all successfully accomplished, which revealed abnormal opening of the ejaculatory duct in 5 cases, mucosal inflammatory hyperemia in the prostatic utricle and seminal vesicle in 78, dark red mucilage substance in the seminal vesicle in 34, seminal vesicle stones in 19, small polyp in the seminal vesicle in 2, and ejaculatory duct or seminal vesicle cyst in 4. All the patients received symptomatic treatment during the surgery. After surgery, hematouria was found in 13 cases, which disappeared within 2 weeks, pelvic hematoma in 1 case, which was cured by conservative treatment within 3 months, and epididymitis in 2 cases, which was controlled by anti-infection treatment. Hematospermia recurred in 3 cases during the 1-year postoperative follow-up.

CONCLUSION8.5/11.5 F transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy, with its advantages of easy operation, wide field of vision, large channel for operation, and few complications, deserves general clinical application in the diagnosis and treatment of refractory hematospermia.

Calculi ; Ejaculatory Ducts ; Endoscopy ; methods ; Epididymitis ; etiology ; Hemospermia ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Postoperative Period ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Seminal Vesicles ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Urethra

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the down-regulation of fibroblast proliferation in normal skin (NFb) and hyperplastic scar (SFb) by adrenaline.

METHODSHuman NFb and SFb cells were cultured in vitro. Phentolamine (in final concentrations of 0 and 3 x 10(-6) micromol/L) was added to the culture medium. One hour later, adrenaline in different final concentrations (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 micromol/L) was added to the culture medium and incubated for 24 hours. The cellular proliferation activity and cell viability rate were determined with MTT. The cell culture supernatant was harvested for the determination of LDH activity to assess the toxicity of phentolamine and adrenaline. The phosph-PKC activity was determined with Western-blotting and was semiquantitatively analyzed.

RESULTS(1) After stimulation with adrenaline alone, or combined 0.20 micromol/L adrenaline with 3 x 10(-6) micromol/L phentolamine, the cell viability of both NFb and SFb decreased significantly (P < 0.05 or 0.01). (2) There was no difference in the LDH activity between the cells either stimulated by adrenaline in all concentrations or by combination of adrenaline and phentolamine (P > 0.05). (3) The phosphorylation of PKC in NFb and SFb cells stimulated by 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 micromol/L adrenaline was obviously higher than that before stimulation (P < 0.01). When phentolamine in the concentration of 3 x 10(-6) micromol/L was used alone for stimulation, the phosphorylation of PKC in NFb cells (123 +/- 5) was also evidently higher than that before stimulation (80 +/- 5, P < 0.01). But there was no such effect on SFb cells (P > 0.05). When adrenaline in the concentration of 0.05, 0.10 or 0.20 micromol/L was separately added together with phentolamine in the dose of 3 x 10(6) micromol/L for the stimulation, the phosphorylation of PKC in NFb and SFb cells was evidently lower than that when 3 different concentrations of adrenaline was used alone for stimulation (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONAdrenaline can inhibit the proliferation of NFb and SFb by activating PKC through binding alpha adrenaline receptor.

Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Cicatrix, Hypertrophic ; metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Epinephrine ; adverse effects ; Fibroblasts ; cytology ; Humans ; Phentolamine ; adverse effects ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinase C ; metabolism ; Skin ; drug effects

Hepatitis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Liver Regeneration

This study was undertaken to analyze and evaluate the diagnosis and principal treatment methods for congenital choledochal cyst, focusing on various surgical procedures and clinical outcome. A comprehensive, retrospective study was conducted on 72 adult patients who presented with choledochal cyst from 1985 to 2002. Surgical procedures were cyst excision with hepaticojejunostomy in 25 cases for type I or type IV-B, extrahepatic cyst excision with hepaticojejunostomy in 8 cases for type IV-A, extrahepatic cyst excision with modified hepaticojejunostomy in 2 cases for type IV-B, non-cyst excision with or without hepaticojejunostomy in 27 cases for types I, II, IV-A, IV-B. The early postoperative morbidity and mortality rate were 16.1% (9/62) and 6.5% (4/62) respectively, and the complication rate related to surgical procedure was 30.6% (19/62). The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma with non-cyst excision or non-operated congenital choledochal cyst was 10.8% (4/37). One patient died of primary hepatocellular carcinoma after cyst excision with hepatojejunostomy. In conclusion, our results showed that complete exci-sion of choledochal cyst for types I, II, and IV-B and complete excision of extra-hepatic choledochal cyst from the hepatic hilum in type IV-A with hepaticojejunostomy or modified hepaticojejunostomy are the treatment of choice for choledochal cyst in adult patients.
Academic Medical Centers/trends ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Choledochal Cyst/*epidemiology/*surgery ; Female ; Hepatectomy/*methods/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Jejunostomy/*methods/*statistics & numerical data ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications/*epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Aged ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Electroretinography ; Female ; Humans ; Macular Edema ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retina ; physiopathology ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy

OBJECTIVEThe aim of the study was to investigate apolipoprotein(apo) E polymorphism and its relationship with serum lipids and apolipoprotein, serum high density lipoprotein(HDL) subclasses in patients with type IV hyperlipidemia.

METHODSapoE genotype was assayed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The subclasses of serum HDL in 103 patients with type IV hyperlipidemia and 146 normolipidemic subjects were determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in conjunction with immunodetection method.

RESULTSThe apoE3/3 genotype frequency and allele epsilon 3 frequency were both the highest in the frequency distribution profiles of the type IV hyperlipidemia group and the control group. In type IV hyperlipidemia group, the genotype of apoE2 had higher serum HDL-C,apoE, HDL(2a) apoE/apoCIII ratio but lower TG/HDL-C,apoCIII, HDL(3c) levels when compared with the genotype of apoE(3) (P<0.05). In control group, the genotype of apoE(2) had higher serum TG, apoE levels and apoE/aopCIII ratio but lower HDL (3a) level when compared with the genotype of apoE(3) (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONAn association of allele epsilon 2 of apoE gene with the maturation of HDL in type IV hyperlipidemia was noted in the study.

Adult ; Aged ; Apolipoprotein C-III ; blood ; Apolipoprotein E2 ; blood ; genetics ; Apolipoprotein E3 ; blood ; genetics ; Apolipoproteins E ; blood ; genetics ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV ; blood ; genetics ; Lipoproteins, HDL ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Triglycerides ; blood

OBJECTIVETo investigate apolipoprotein E(apoE) polymorphism and its relationship with serum lipids and apolipoprotein, serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses in patients with hyperlipidemia(HL).

METHODSAPOE genotype was assayed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The subclasses of serum HDL in 112 patients with hyperlipidemia and 73 healthy subjects were determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in conjunction with immunodetection method.

RESULTSAPOE3/3 genotypes and allele epsilon3 frequency in HL group and control group were both the highest. In HL group, the genotype of APOE2 had higher serum APOE/CIII ratio and lower HDL3b levels, compared with the genotype of APOE3 (P<0.05). In control group, the genotype of apoE2 had higher serum triglycerides, APOE levels and APOE/CIII ratio, compared with the genotype of APOE3 and APOE4 (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONPolymorphism of APOE gene may relate to the distribution of HDL particles.

Adult ; Aged ; Apolipoprotein E2 ; Apolipoprotein E3 ; Apolipoproteins E ; blood ; genetics ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; blood ; genetics ; Lipoproteins, HDL ; blood ; classification ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Triglycerides ; blood

BACKGROUNDMinimally invasive surgery in skull base relying on searching for possible anatomic basis for endoscopic technology is controversial. The objective of this study was to observe the spatial relationships between main blood vessels and nerves in the cerebellopontine angle area and provide anatomic basis for lateral and posterior skull base minimally invasive surgery via endoscopic retrosigmoid keyhole approach.

METHODSThis study was conducted on thirty dried adult skulls to measure the spatial relationships among the surface bony marks of posterior cranial fossa, and to locate the most appropriate drilling area for retrosigmoid keyhole approach. In addition, we used 10 formaldehyde-fixed adult cadaver specimens for simulating endoscopic retrosigmoid approach to determine the visible scope.

RESULTSThe midpoint between the mastoid tip and the asterion was the best drilling point for retrosigmoid approach. A hole centered on this point with the 2.0 cm in diameter was suitable for exposing the related structures in the cerebellopontine angle. Retrosigmoid keyhole approach can decrease the pressure on the cerebellum and expose the related structures effectively which include facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery and labyrinthine artery, etc.

CONCLUSIONSExact location on endoscope retrosigmoid approach can avoid dragging cerebellum during the minimally invasive surgery. The application of retrosigmoid keyhole approach will extend the application of endoscopic technology.

Adult ; Cerebellopontine Angle ; anatomy & histology ; surgery ; Endoscopes ; Humans ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures