Developmental changes in children can affect drug disposition and clinical effects. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model is a mathematical model that can be used to predict blood drug concentrations in children and gain insight into age-dependent physiological differences in drug disposition impact. Pediatric PBPK (P-PBPK) models have attracted attention over the past decade. With the concerted efforts of academia, pharmaceutical companies, and regulatory agencies, there are more and more examples of pediatric clinical studies using PBPK models. Nevertheless, the number of P-PBPK models and their predictive performance still lag behind adult models. By referring to the literature, we study the process of children adapting to adult absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) parameters and analyze the general principles of P-PBPK model establishment. In addition, we summarize the functions and application examples of commonly used P-PBPK modeling software to provide a basis for the rational application of modeling software.

Objective To evaluate the effect of health education in controlling the iodine deficiency diserders(IDD) in order to provide reference data for the further prevention and control. Methods Each village of 3 towns in Congjiang County was selected in 2007, where the health education lasting for 10 months had been implemented in the school students of 3-6 grade and the villagers. The school students of 3-6 grade and 30 housewives in the villagers were investigated for their IDD control knowledge, the salt consuming conditions as well as the sales of both rough and fine salt at a salt retail site in each village before and after the health education was implemented. Results The awareness rate of the knowledge of IDD control in the students and housewives was 91.4% (581/636) and 78.3% (282/360), respectively after intervention, which significantly increased (χ2= 532.044, 326.117, both P < 0.01) compared with the rate of 28.2% (184/652) and 11.4% (41/360) before intervention. The proportion of consuming fine salt was 91.8%(146/159) and 95.6%(86/90), significantly inereased(χ2= 236.623, 135.350, both P < 0.01) compared with 6.1%(10/163) and 7.8% (7/90) found before intervention. The selling proportion of fine salt at the salt retail site in the village was 60.0%(900/1500), significantly increased(χ2= 824.176, P < 0.01) compared with 10.0%(150/1500) before intervention. Conclusions Health education and promotion is solid foundation for effectively controlling IDD, through which the students and villagers are actively and voluntarily involved in the program and hence have formed good living and hygiene habits, thus expected effect has been obtained.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the stress distribution of stainless steel K (SSK)files during root canal instrumentation.

METHODSA three-dimensional finite element model was established and analyzed under curved and torsional conditions by ANSYS 9.0.

RESULTSA finite element model of a 0.02 taper SSK 20# file was established. Under curved conditions, the stress was focused on the cutting edge when point contact occurred or the file was turned counterclockwise. The stress was focused between the cutting edges when line contact occurred or the files turned clockwise. The stress was much greater when the file contacted with the inner surface of the canal model by one point than by a line or when the file was engaged closer to the tip.

CONCLUSIONSThe max pulling stress was focused on the surface of the file which indicated the starting point of the fracture.

Finite Element Analysis ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Root Canal Preparation ; instrumentation ; Stainless Steel ; Stress, Mechanical

Objective To investigate the mRNA and protein expression levels of interferon(IFN)-?in the peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE),to analyze the relationship between IFN-?and disease activity,and to evaluate the role of IFN-?in the pathogenesis of lupus.Methods SYBR green dyeⅠbased real-time quantatives PCR method was used to compare the mRNA expression levels of IFN-?in the peripheral blood leucocyte of SLE patients and healthy controls.Surum levels of IFN-?were measured with ELISA method.Results IFNA1 mRNA expression level in SLE patients(2.8?3.5)was signifi- cantly lower than that of normal controls(12.7?10.7,P=0.000).There was no significant difference between patients treated with glucocorticoid and those without in the expression level of IFNA1(P=0.549).Serum levels of IFN-?in SLE patients was significantly higher than that of normal controls(P=0.003).The SLEDAI score and anti-dsDNA antibody correlated positively,and complement components C3,C4 and leukocytes correlated negatively with serum concentration of IFN-?.IFN-?level correlated with the presence of fever and rash. Conclusion The close relationship between IFN-?serum level and disease activity in SLE patients suggests that IFN-?might be of importance in the disease process.

Global Health ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; history ; mortality ; virology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate mid-term clinical results of microendoscopic discectomy (MED) for the treatment of lumbar disc hermiation.

METHODSIn the study, 117 patients were reviewed,including 63 male and 54 female, ranging in age from 24 to 72 years,with an average of 50.6 years. Among the patients, 60 patients had simple lumbar disc herniation, 10 patients had simple lateral crypt stenosis, 32 patients had lumbar disc herniation combined with lateral crypt stenosis, and 15 patients were combined with calcified nucleus pulposus. Two patients had herniation in L3-L4, 56 patients in L4-L5, 48 patients in L5-S1, 11 patients in L4-L5 and L5-S1. The central type of lumbar disc herniation occurred in 22 patients and the lateral type of herniation occurred in other 95 patients. The Protrusion type of herniation occurred in 32 discs, ruptured type in 73 discs, and free type in 12 discs. Ninety-eight patients had lumbar and leg pain in one side, and 19 patients in double sides. MED was used to remove the nucleus and decompress the nerve root canal.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up and the duration ranged from 48 to 84 months,with an average of 5.5 years. According to lumbar and leg pain evaluation criteria from spinal group of Chinese Orthopaedic Association, there were 93 patients got an excellent result, 16 good and 8 poor.

CONCLUSIONAppropriate control indications and skillful surgical techniques are the key points to decrease the complication and to improve the curative effect.

Adult ; Aged ; Diskectomy ; adverse effects ; methods ; Endoscopy ; methods ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; surgery ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged

Animals ; Global Health ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; history ; mortality ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology

Animals ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; genetics ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; history ; immunology ; virology ; Russia ; epidemiology

Animals ; History, 20th Century ; Hong Kong ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; history ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny

Animals ; Asia ; epidemiology ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype ; chemistry ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; history ; virology ; Mutation