OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of cutaneous drug reactions (CDRs), thier associated drugs, and morphological presentation min the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) from 2009 to 2011 and to identify new or uncommon drugs causing CDRs.

METHODS: This is a 3-year retrospective record review. The Naranjo algorithm was used to score drug causality.

RESULTS: One hundred and forty-three (143) patient records were retrieved, with 218 associated drugs identified. The most common drug classes were antibiotics (29%), anti-tuberculosis medications (17%), and NSAIDs (9%). The most common drugs were isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol (HRZE) combination drug (9%); amoxicillin (6%); and cotrimoxazole (5%). A morbiliform reaction (49%) was the most common morphological presentation. There were several identified drugs, including anti-fungals and beta-blockers, which caused a single drug reaction but had a sufficient Naranjo score to warrant inclusion.

CONCLUSION: The most common drug classes, drugs, and cutaneous morphological presentation found in this study are similar to those seen in existing literature. However, there were several drugs identified causing single drug reactions. This may reflect the need for improved documentation, diagnosis, and follow-up of CDR cases in the PGH.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged 80 And Over ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Diagnosis ; Isoniazid ; Rifampin ; Pyrazinamide ; Ethambutol ; Amoxicillin ; Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Combination ; Philippines

Epidermolytic Ichthyosis (EI) is a rare non-syndromic keratinopathic ichthyosis without definitive treatment. This is a case of EI in a 5-year-old Filipino female who presented with hyperkeratotic scales sparing the palms and soles. Histopathology revealed epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. A trial of treatment with isotretinoin 0.3 mg/kg/day, together with keratolytic agents, urea lotion and lactic acid lotion, resulted in a marked decrease in the thickness of the scales and odor. Interestingly, rebound effects were noted at 0.6 mg/kg/day. Taking into account that EI presents with more skin fragility compared to non-EHK ichthyosis, the authors surmise that there may be a smaller treatment window for patients with EI, which is notably lower than recommended for ichthyosis in general.
Hyperkeratosis, Epidermolytic ; Isotretinoin

A 4-year-old female with Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform erythroderma and Limb Defects (CHILD) syndrome, with a pathogenic variant of the NSDHL gene, c.130G>A (p.Gly44Ser), and unilateral right-sided erythematous verrucous plaques with scaling and ipsilateral limb defects, was started on 5% simvastatin ointment. It was applied twice daily for four months, with improvement already seen starting week 2. Monotherapy with 5% simvastatin ointment was able to decrease the thickness of the verrucous plaques seen in our patient, highlighting that the accumulation of toxic metabolites may play a more crucial role in its disease pathogenesis.

Human ; Female ; Child Preschool: 2-5 Yrs Old ; Child Syndrome ; Congenital Hemidysplasia With Ichthyosiform Erythroderma And Limb Defects

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex disease with an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. In the United States, AD affects 10.7% of children andyc 7.2% of adults. Similarly in the Philippines, the prevalence of AD is 12.7% in the under 18 population, and 2% in the over 18 population. While AD affects all ages, the burden of the disease is greater in the pediatric population. The pathogenesis of AD is multifactorial. Variations in genes responsible for epidermal barrier function, keratinocyte terminal differentiation, and the innate and adaptive immune responses have been linked to AD. A null mutation involving the filaggrin gene is the strongest known risk factor for AD. This mutation results in a loss of filaggrin (FLG) protein by at least 50%. Filaggrin breakdown products form part of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) of the skin, which is essential in skin hydration. A decrease in NMF and an increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) are observed in AD patients with FLG mutation. The defective barrier in AD patients decreases skin defenses against irritation and allergen penetration. Exposure to certain environmental chemicals like formaldehyde may worsen this barrier. This may lead to increased skin permeability to aeroallergens that leads to dermatitis in sensitized patients. Barrier defects may also play a role in epicutaneous sensitization and the subsequent development of other atopic conditions, such as bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. The Philippine Dermatological Society (PDS) consensus on AD aims to provide a comprehensive guideline and evidence-based recommendations in the management of this condition, with consideration of cultural factors that are often encountered in the Philippine setting. These guidelines are intended to provide practitioners with an overview of the holistic approach in the management of AD, ameliorating the negative effects of the disease and improving overall quality of life.. Methodology: A group of 21 board-certified dermatologists from the Philippine Dermatological Society (PDS) convened to discuss aspects in the clinical management of AD. Database and literature search included the full-text articles of observational studies, randomized controlled clinical trials, and observational studies using the Cochrane library, PubMed, Hardin (for Philippine based studies) as well as data from the PDS health information system. The terms used in combinations from the literature included “atopic dermatitis”, “atopic eczema”, “emollients”, “topical corticosteroids”, “topical calcineurin inhibitors”, “anti-histamines” and “phototherapy”. A total of fifty (50) full text articles were reviewed and found applicable for the scope of the study. Articles were assessed using the modified Jadad scale, with score interpretations as follows: (5- excellent, 3- good, 1– poor). Consensus guidelines for AD from within and outside of the region were also reviewed, from the 2013 Asia-Pacific guidelines, 2014 Taiwanese Dermatological Association consensus, 2016 guidelines in the management of AD in Singapore, 2014 American Academy of Dermatology guidelines, and the 2020 Japanese guidelines for AD. From the literature review, proposed consensus statements were developed, and a Delphi survey was conducted over two separate virtual meetings. Individual dermatologists provided Likert Scoring (1- strongly disagree to 5- strongly agree) based on consensus statements. A consensus was deemed reached at mean scores of > 4.00, a near consensus at > 3.5, and no consensus at <3.5. Summary: AD is a chronic relapsing condition with a significant burden of disease, most commonly affecting the pediatric population. The PDS AD Consensus Guidelines summarizes the standards of therapy and the therapeutic ladder in the management of AD based on published clinical trials and literature review. While these modalities remain the cornerstone of therapy, an individualized approach is the key to the holistic management of an AD patient. Knowledge and awareness of frequently associated conditions, whether in the realm of food allergies, contact allergies, or secondary infections, is paramount. In addition to the standard therapeutic armamentarium, the physician must also consider cultural practices and be knowledgeable of alternative therapeutic options. Referral to a specialist is recommended for recalcitrant cases of AD, or when initiation of systemic immunosuppressive agents, phototherapy, or biologic agents is contemplated.