Objective To compare the characteristics of digital subtraction angiography ( DSA) and compu-ted tomography angiography ( CTA) of moyamoya disease .Methods To analyze the characteristic of DSA and CTA in 29 cases with moyamoya disease ,including arterial occlusion ,arteriarctia,abnormal proliferation of vascular ,collat-eral circulation.Results There were no statistically significant differences between DSA and CTA in detecting arteri-al occlusion,arteriarctia(CTA 53 hemicerebrum,DSA 57 hemicerebrum)(χ2 =2.167,P>0.05),abnormal prolifera-tion of vascular (abnormal:CTA 41 hemicerebrum,DSA 45 hemicerebrum;normal:CTA 16 hemicerebrum,DSA 12 hemicerebrum)(χ2 =0.757,P>0.05).But there was statistically significant difference between DSA and CTA in detecting collateral circulation .Conclusion CTA is a good method to find out moyamoya disease .But DSA is better in discovery collateral circulation of moyamoya disease .

Objective To study the levels of serum C -reactive protein (CRP),plasma fibrinogen (Fib),D-dimmer(DD)in the first onset young patients with acute progressive cerebral infarction.Methods 42 first onset young patients with acute progressive cerebral infarction(PIS group),50 cases of non -acute progressive cerebral infarction(N -PIS group)and 90 healthy people(health control group)were enrolled.The levels of serum CRP, plasma Fib and DD were detected and compared.Results PIS group:CRP (3.764 ±0.832)mg /L,Fib (3.994 ± 0.851)g/L,DD (1.560 ±0.225)μg/mL;N -PIS group:CRP (2.573 ±0.657)mg/L,Fib (2.468 ±0.739)g/L, DD (0.740 ±0.162)μg/mL;health control group:CRP (1.725 ±0.326)mg/L,Fib (2.103 ±0.584)g/L,DD (0.450 ±0.131)μg/mL.The levels of serum CRP,plasma Fib and DD of PIS group were higher than the other two groups(CRP:PIS group vs.N -PIS group t =8.89,PIS group vs.health control group t =13.99,N -PIS vs.health control group t =8.55,all P <0.01;D -D:PIS group vs.N -PIS group t =23.82,PIS group vs.health control group t =29.46,N -PIS group vs.health control group t =12.59,all P <0.01;FIB:N -PIS group vs.health control group t =2.85,P <0.05,PIS group vs.N -PIS group t =10.06,PIS group vs.health control group t =13.48,all P <0.01).Conclusion The levels of serum CRP,plasma Fib and DD are related to acute progressive cerebral infarction.

Objective To investigate the role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthases/H2S pathway in the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension.Methods Wistar rats were subdivided into 4 groups:(1) 2-kidney,1-clip (2K-1C group,n=7),(2) control (n=7),(3)sham (n=7),and (4) 2K-1C plus sodium hydrosulfide (NariS) (NariS-treated group,n=7).The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by a tail-cuff method using a pulse transducer once a week.Four weeks later,all rats were killed and the concentration of plasma hydrogen sulfide (H2S),the activity of the H2S syntha.ses in the kidneys on both sides,the plasma angiotensin Ⅱ concentration,and the left-to-whole heart weight ratio were measured.Results The SBP was significantly increased in the 2K-IC group (185.4± 14.0mmHg) comparing with those in the sham group (112.9±6.5mmHg,,or the NariS-treated group(134.8±9.5mmHg) (both P＜0.01).At 4 weeks,the angiotensin Ⅱ concentration in the plasma was increased in the 2K-1C and NariS-treated group,comparing with the control and the sham group (306.92±7.03 pg/ml and 240.73±13.22 pg/ml vs 122.6±25.49 pg/ml and 125.95±10.55 pg/ml,respectively,both P＜0.05).The plasma H2S concentration and the activity of H2S synthases in the left kidney were decreased in the 2K-1C group comparing with those in the sham and the control groups.There was no difference of the activity of the H2S synthases in the right kidneys among the 4 groups.The left-to-whole heart weight ratio was increased in the 2K-1C and the NariS-treated group camparing with that in the sham and natural control groups.Conclusions Dysfunction of the H2S synthases/H2S pathway was involved in the 2K-1C-induced renovascular hypertension in rat.Exogenous administration of H2S donor can attenuate the development of hypertension.These findings suggest that the H2S synthases/H2S pathway participates in the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension.

OBJECTIVEWolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) is considered to be an autosomal dominant hereditary disease, but the gene is not identified. The objective of this study was to localize the genetic loci of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

METHODSLinkage analysis between the disease of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and 3 STR (short tandem repeats) markers on 7q3 (D7S505, D7S688, and D7S483) was tested in 3 kindreds of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (101 numbers in total) by genotyping.

RESULTSWolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was linked to the loci above. The maximum two-point Lod score detected at D7S505 was 6.4 at a recombination fraction (theta) of 0.1; the Lod score of D7S688, D7S483 was 5.3 vs 2.5.

CONCLUSIONThe gene of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is located at 7q3.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7 ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tandem Repeat Sequences ; Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome ; genetics

To analyze the antigenic and genetic characteristics of the influenza A (H3N2) virus in mainland China during the surveillance year of 2013-2014, the antigenic characteristics of H3N2 virus were analyzed using reference ferret anti-sera. The nucleotide sequences of the viruses were determined by Sanger dideoxy sequencing, phylogenetic trees were constructed with the neighbor-joining method, and the genetic characteristics of the viruses were determined in comparison to current vaccine strains. The results showed that most of the H3N2 viruses were antigenically closely related to the A/Victoria/361/2011 vaccine strain cell-propagated prototype virus (99.6%). Using the A/Texas/50/2012 egg isolate as the reference antigen, 15.1% of the viruses were found to be closely antigenically related to it, while 11.9% of strains were closely antigenically related to the egg-propagated epidemic strain, A/Shanghai-Changning/1507/2012. Phylogenetic analysis of HA genes indicated that the A(H3N2) viruses in this surveillance year were in the same clade, but no drug resistant mutation was identified in the NA genes. During the 2013-2014 influenza surveillance year, no significant genetic change was detected in either the HA or NA genes of the A(H3N2) viruses, while significant mutations were found in egg isolates resulting from their adaptation during propagation in eggs. The antigenic and genetic changes should be investigated in a timely manner to enable the selection of an appropriate vaccine strain in China.
Animals ; Antigenic Variation ; Base Sequence ; Chick Embryo ; China ; Genetic Variation ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; genetics ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phylogeny

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram-negative bacillus which widely exists in natural and hospital environment, and it is also one of the common opportunistic pathogens in clinical settings. The virulence and pathogenicity of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are weak, however, due to resistance to a variety of antibacterial drugs, it can cause bloodstream infections or pneumonia in immunocompromised or critically ill patients, leading to poor prognosis. Moreover, the inherent drug resistance and increasing acquired drug resistance may make the treatment of the first line antibiotics, like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or quinolone ineffective. Therefore, it is important to understand the drug resistance mechanism and the main countermeasures for it. In this article, the research progress on drug resistance mechanism and treatment for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are reviewed.

Since the first outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in humans was identified in 2013, there have been five seasonal epidemics observed in China. An earlier start and a steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 virus was observed between September and December 2016, raising great public concern in domestic and international societies. The epidemiological characteristics of the recently reported confirmed H7N9 cases were analysed. The results suggested that although more cases were reported recently, most cases in the fifth epidemic were still highly sporadically distributed without any epidemiology links; the main characteristics remained unchanged and the genetic characteristics of virus strains that were isolated in this epidemic remained similar to earlier epidemics. Interventions included live poultry market closures in several cities that reported more H7N9 cases recently.

Seasonal influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza virus infection and complications from infection. Currently, China has licensed trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) and quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4), including split-virus influenza vaccine and subunit vaccine. Except for a few major cities, influenza vaccine is a category Ⅱ vaccine, which means influenza vaccination is voluntary, and recipients must pay for it. To strengthen the technical guidance for prevention and control of influenza and operational research on influenza vaccination in China, the National Immunization Advisory Committee (NIAC) Influenza Vaccine Technical Working Group (TWG), updated the 2014 technical guidelines and compiled the "Technical guidelines for seasonal influenza vaccination in China (2018-2019)" . The main updates in this version include: epidemiology, disease burden, types of influenza vaccines, northern hemisphere influenza vaccination composition for the 2018-2019 season, IIV3 and IIV4 immune response, durability of immunity, immunogenicity, vaccine efficacy, effectiveness, safety, cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit. The influenza vaccine TWG provided the recommendations for influenza vaccination for the 2018-2019 influenza season based on existing scientific evidence. The recommendations described in this report include the following: Points of Vaccination clinics (PoVs) should provide influenza vaccination to all persons aged 6 months and above who are willing to be vaccinated and do not have contraindications. No preferential recommendation is made for one influenza vaccine product over another for persons for whom more than one licensed, recommended, and appropriate product is available. To decrease the risk of severe infections and complications due to influenza virus infection among high risk groups, the recommendations prioritize seasonal influenza vaccination for children aged 6-59 months, adults ≥60 years of age, persons with specific chronic diseases, healthcare workers, the family members and caregivers of infants <6 months of age, and pregnant women or women who plan to become pregnant during the influenza season. Children aged 6 months through 8 years require 2 doses of influenza vaccine administered a minimum of 4 weeks apart during their first season of vaccination for optimal protection. If they were vaccinated in 2017-2018 influenza season or a prior season, 1 dose is recommended. People more than 8 years old require 1 dose of influenza vaccine. It is recommended that people receive their influenza vaccination by the end of October. Influenza vaccination should be offered as soon as the vaccination is available. For the people unable to be vaccinated before the end of October, influenza vaccination will continue to be offered for the whole season. Influenza vaccine is also recommended for use in pregnant women during any trimester. These guidelines are intended for use by staff members of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at all levels who work on influenza control and prevention, PoVs staff members, healthcare workers from the departments of pediatrics, internal medicine, and infectious diseases, and staff members of maternity and child care institutions at all levels.

Objective: To analyze epidemiological characteristics of influenza-like illness outbreaks in mainland China during 2017-2018 surveillance season, and to provide scientific evidence for developing influenza prevention and control strategies. Methods: We collected the data on reported influenza outbreaks in 2017-2018 surveillance season from China Influenza Surveillance Information System and China Public Health Emergency Management Information System and analyzed the data of laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness outbreaks by descriptive epidemiological methods. Results: During the surveillance season, a total of 2 398 influenza-like illness outbreaks (with 10 or more incidences in an outbreak) in mainland China were reported, involving 87 084 patients, of which 2 323 were influenza outbreaks, involving 85 531 patients. The reported influenza-like illness outbreaks occurred most frequently from November 2017 to January 2018 in both the southern and northern regions and the highest peaks were in December 2017. During the period 1 850 influenza-like illness outbreaks (77.15%) were reported in the southern region, and 548 influenza-like illness outbreaks (22.85%) were reported in the northern region. The most of the outbreaks occurred in primary, secondary schools and nursery care schools, with a total of 2 210 reports (92.16%). And the majority of the outbreaks involved 10-29 incident cases. The dominant isolated virus strains for the outbreaks were influenza B (1 505 outbreaks, 62.76% of all the outbreaks). Conclusion Seasonality of influenza outbreaks were observed in mainland China during 2017-2018 surveillance season and the reported influenza outbreaks were most frequently occurred in autumn-winter season and in southern China. Primary, secondary schools and nursery care schools are high-risk places for outbreaks, and the dominant isolated virus strains for the outbreaks were influenza B.