The purpose of this study was to describe the luminal development of the murine eustachian tube and middle ear. Thirty specimens, aging from gestational day 11 to postnatal day 21, were investigated through the light microscopic observations. The present study also used digitizer, computer, and serially sectioned temporal bone specimens for three-dimensional reconstruction to measure the volume of the eustachian tube and middle ear cavity at different gestational and postnatal ages. The first pharyngeal pouch elongated during gestational day 12 to form the tubotympanic recess. Between gestational day 13 and 14 this tubotympanic recess extended to the middle ear area. A rapid increment in the volume of the tubotympanic recess was noted between gestational day 15 and 16. At this age, a definite division of the tubotympanic recess into the eustachian tube and middle ear cavity was observed. During the postnatal period, the maximum change of the middle ear volume was noted on postnatal day 11 when the mesenchymal tissue in the middle ear cavity disappeared completely.
Animal ; Ear, Middle/anatomy & histology/*embryology/growth & development ; Eustachian Tube/anatomy & histology/*embryology/growth & development ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Pregnancy

In order to describe the developmental anatomy of the murine eustachian tube and its related structures, seventy six mice of ages ranging from gestational day 11 to postnatal day 21 were investigated through the light and electron microscopic observations. Development of the ciliated cells was seen concurrently in both the eustachian tube and middle ear on the 16 th gestation day, one day earlier than the epithelial secretory cells appeared in both the eustachian tube and middle ear. The number of ciliated cells and secretory cells increased rapidly after birth. Tubal glands were well identified with evidence of secretory activity around the time of birth. Thus, the findings of this study indicate that the mucociliary defense system starts to develop during the fetal stage and is well established immediately after birth.
Animal ; Animals, Newborn ; Cilia/physiology/ultrastructure ; Epithelium/ultrastructure ; Eustachian Tube/*cytology/embryology/ultrastructure ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mucous Membrane/physiology/ultrastructure ; Pregnancy

No abstract available.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is believed that the innate immunity plays a critical role in protecting the tubotympanum from being infected because the middle ear cavity is normally sterile despite of a paucity of immune cells. Among known antibacterial molecules, defensins have been shown to contribute significantly to innate immunity. However, it is still unclear whether or not beta defensins are expressed in human middle ear mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Immunolabeling and RT-PCR were performed with the mucosal specimen from normal subjects and otitis media patients, respectively. Expression of beta defensin 2 mRNA was compared between the control group and experimental group that was treated by inflammatory stimuli in the animal models using RT-PCR. RESULTS: beta defensin 1 was expressed in both normal and inflamed middle ear mucosa of human, but beta defensin 2 and 3 were found only in the inflamed mucosa. The expression of beta defensin 2 mRNA was up-regulated when the interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was treated in the middle ear mucosa of the experimental animals. CONCLUSION: We could show that beta defensins are expressed in the human middle ear mucosa and that beta defensin 2 is up-regulated by the inflammatory stimuli, IL-1alpha or LPS.
Animals ; beta-Defensins* ; Defensins ; Ear, Middle* ; Humans* ; Immunity, Innate ; Interleukin-1alpha ; Models, Animal ; Mucous Membrane* ; Otitis Media ; RNA, Messenger

No abstract available.
Temporal Bone* ; Tympanic Membrane*

No abstract available.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a recently developed technique to place a medium-duration(weeks to months) central venous access. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Within three-year period, 635 patients were referred to interventional radiology suite for placement of peripherally inserted central catheter(PlCC). Contrast medium was injected into the peripheral intravenous line and a puncture was made into the opacified vein near the junction of the middle and upper thirds of the upper arm, either the brachial or basilic vein under fluoroscopic guidance. A 5.5-French peel-away sheath was inserted into the vein and a 5- French silicone catheter was introduced with its distal tip to the junction of the right atrium and superior vena cava. RESULTS: Catheter placement was successful in all patients unless there was a central venous obstruction. Catheters were maintained from 2 days to 5 months with a mean of 3 weeks. Complications included infection requiring removal of the PICC in 16 patients(2.5%), acute thrombosis of the subclavian vein in 3(0.5%). Occluded catheters in 4 patients were easily cleared with urokinase in place. CONCLUSION: The PICC system is an excellent option for medium-duration cen- tral venous access. Patients were able to carry on normal activities with the catheters in place.
Arm* ; Catheters* ; Heart Atria ; Humans ; Ocimum basilicum ; Punctures ; Radiology, Interventional ; Silicones ; Subclavian Vein ; Thrombosis ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator ; Veins ; Vena Cava, Superior

PURPOSE: To evaluate a recently developed technique to place a medium-duration(weeks to months) central venous access. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Within three-year period, 635 patients were referred to interventional radiology suite for placement of peripherally inserted central catheter(PlCC). Contrast medium was injected into the peripheral intravenous line and a puncture was made into the opacified vein near the junction of the middle and upper thirds of the upper arm, either the brachial or basilic vein under fluoroscopic guidance. A 5.5-French peel-away sheath was inserted into the vein and a 5- French silicone catheter was introduced with its distal tip to the junction of the right atrium and superior vena cava. RESULTS: Catheter placement was successful in all patients unless there was a central venous obstruction. Catheters were maintained from 2 days to 5 months with a mean of 3 weeks. Complications included infection requiring removal of the PICC in 16 patients(2.5%), acute thrombosis of the subclavian vein in 3(0.5%). Occluded catheters in 4 patients were easily cleared with urokinase in place. CONCLUSION: The PICC system is an excellent option for medium-duration cen- tral venous access. Patients were able to carry on normal activities with the catheters in place.
Arm* ; Catheters* ; Heart Atria ; Humans ; Ocimum basilicum ; Punctures ; Radiology, Interventional ; Silicones ; Subclavian Vein ; Thrombosis ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator ; Veins ; Vena Cava, Superior

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The stable cell line system of middle ear epithelial cells is essential for studying molecular pathogenesis of otitis media. Recently, we succeeded in establishing the human middle ear epithelial cell line (HMEEC) using a retrovirus. The cell line retains many of the phenotypic and morphological properties of the non-transformed, parental cultures such as the expression of cytokeratin and tight junctions. We aimed to show the conservation of mucosal characteristics and subcellular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in this cell line. MATERIALS AND METHOD: RT-PCR was performed using mucin gene specific primers and total RNA extracted from HMEEC. The luciferase-expressing vector containing 5' flanking region of human beta defensin 2 (hBD-2), an inducible antimicrobial peptide, was transfected to HMEEC. After starvation of serum, HMEEC was treated with interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1alpha) and subsequently harvested 10 hrs later. Luciferase activity was measured using luminometer after the corresponding substrate was supplemented to the cell lysate. RESULTS: Expression of mucin genes (MUC1, 2 and 5B) in HMEEC was demonstrated by RT-PCR. Luciferase assay showed that IL-1alpha up-regulates the promoter activity of hBD-2 more than 10 fold. This transcriptional regulatory mechanism was also demonstrated in the well established reference cell lines, HeLa cells and A549 cells. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the conservation of mucin gene expression and transcriptional regulatory mechanism of hBD-2 in HMEEC. The proposed cell line can serve as a useful experimental model for elucidating the pathogenesis of middle ear mucosa-related diseases.
5' Flanking Region ; Cell Line ; Defensins ; Ear, Middle* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Gene Expression ; HeLa Cells ; Humans* ; Interleukin-1alpha ; Keratins ; Luciferases ; Models, Theoretical ; Mucins ; Otitis Media ; Parents ; Retroviridae ; RNA ; Starvation ; Tight Junctions

PURPOSE: To improve the management of a medical linear accelerator, the records of operational failures of a Varian CL2100C over a ten year period were retrospectively analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The failures were classified according to the involved functional subunits, with each class rated into one of three levels depending on the operational conditions. The relationships between the failure rate and working ratio and between the failure rate and outside temperature were investigated. In addition, the average life time of the main part and the operating efficiency over the last 4 years were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the recorded failures (total 587 failures), the most frequent failure was observed in the parts related with the collimation system, including the monitor chamber, which accounted for 20% of all failures. With regard to the operational conditions, 2nd level of failures, which temporally interrupted treatments, were the most frequent. Third level of failures, which interrupted treatment for more than several hours, were mostly caused by the accelerating subunit. The number of failures was increased with number of treatments and operating time. The average life-times of the Klystron and Thyratron became shorter as the working ratio increased, and were 42 and 83% of the expected values, respectively. The operating efficiency was maintained at 95% or higher, but this value slightly decreased. There was no significant correlation between the number of failures and the outside temperature. CONCLUSION: The maintenance of detailed equipment problems and failures records over a long period of time can provide good knowledge of equipment function as well as the capability of predicting future failure. More rigorous equipment maintenance is required for old medical linear accelerators for the advanced avoidance of serious failure and to improve the quality of patient treatment.
Humans ; Particle Accelerators* ; Retrospective Studies