Content validity is the degree to which an instrument has an appropriate sample of items for the construct being measured and is an important procedure in scale development. Content validity index (CVI) is the most widely used index in quantitative evaluation. There are 2 kinds of CVI: I-CVI and S-CVI. A method to compute a modified kappa statistic (K*) can be used to adjust I-CVI for chance agreement. S-CVI/UA and S-CVI/Ave are both scale level CVI with different formulas. Researchers recommend that a scale with excellent content validity should be composed of I-CVIs of 0.78 or higher and S-CVI/UA and S-CVI/Ave of 0.8 and 0.9 or higher, respectively. The characteristics and qualifications of the experts, process and main results of content validity evaluation should be reported in scale-related manuscript.
Data Collection ; Humans ; Psychometrics ; methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; standards

Source data and its source documents are the foundation of clinical research. Proper source data management plays an essential role for compliance with regulatory and GCP requirements. Both paper and electronic source data co-exist in China. Due to the increasing use of electronic technology in pharmaceutical and health care industry, electronic data source becomes an upcoming trend with clear advantages. To face new opportunities and to ensure data integrity, quality and traceability from source data to regulatory submission, this document demonstrates important concepts, principles and best practices during managing source data. It includes but not limited to: (1) important concepts of source data (e.g., source data originator, source data elements, source data identifier for audit trail, etc.); (2) various modalities of source data collection in paper and electronic methods (e.g., paper CRF, EDC, Patient Report Outcomes/eCOA, etc.); (3) seven main principles recommended in the aspect of data collection, traceability, quality standards, access control, quality control, certified copy and security during source data management; (4) a life cycle from source data creation to obsolete is used as an example to illustrate consideration and implementation of source data management.
China ; Data Collection ; standards ; Documentation ; standards ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; methods ; standards

Data Collection ; methods ; standards ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Humans ; Models, Statistical

Due to a great amount of data in clinical trials, the data cleansing needs to adopt a variety of measures, including the latest developed visual check approach. According to the different types of clinical data and the different stages in the course of clinical data management, this study reviews 8 types of visual graphics that show the relevance and trend among the data. The series of graphics can rapidly detect abnormal data, monitor clinical research in real-time, make the data management process much easier and improve the clinical trial efficiency and data quality.
Clinical Trials as Topic ; standards ; Data Collection ; standards ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; methods

Missing data is a common but unavoidable issue in clinical trials. It not only lowers the trial power, but brings the bias to the trial results. Therefore, on one hand, the missing data handling methods are employed in data analysis. On the other hand, it is vital to prevent the missing data in the trials. Prevention of missing data should take the first place. From the perspective of data, firstly, some measures should be taken at the stages of protocol design, data collection and data check to enhance the patients' compliance and reduce the unnecessary missing data. Secondly, the causes of confirmed missing data in the trials should be notified and recorded in detail, which are very important to determine the mechanism of missing data and choose the suitable missing data handling methods, e.g., last observation carried forward (LOCF); multiple imputation (MI); mixed-effect model repeated measure (MMRM), etc.
Clinical Trials as Topic ; Data Collection ; methods ; standards ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Research Design

INTRODUCTIONTo evaluate the perceptions of the graduates of our medical school regarding the quality of their educational programme.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA total of 183 questionnaires, each containing 262 questions, were completed anonymously by medical students upon their graduation from the medical school.

RESULTSAbout 77% of the respondents felt that Basic Science courses lacked clinical relevance. Many of the students (61.2%) believed that physiology, amongst other Basic Science courses, was the most clinically relevant course. Assessment of the students about their clinical clerkship and internship rotations was not very favourable. Overall only 28.4% of the respondents were generally satisfied with the medical training they received. Respondents indicated many deficiencies in the curriculum, and in their competences. Exposure to numerous activities was rated by respondents as being inadequate: "geriatrics and gerontology education" (87.5%), "office management" (86.4%), "alternative medicine" (85.8%), "healthcare quality improvement" (85.7%), and "rehabilitation" (83%). Around 70% of the respondents reported that they have not been taught sufficient clinical skills in preparations for their future clinical practice. Only 33.3% of the respondents felt that they had acquired adequate knowledge and skills to start residency training.

CONCLUSIONSThis study illuminates many aspects of the curriculum the faculty needs to address in order to prepare physicians effectively and efficiently for clinical work. It can be used as a tool to find the trends in our curriculum and the impact of curriculum revision activities which are currently underway in our School of Medicine.

Adult ; Consumer Behavior ; Data Collection ; Education, Medical ; standards ; Female ; Humans ; Iran ; Male ; Program Evaluation ; methods ; Schools, Medical ; standards ; Students, Medical

According to the process of the technical specification (TS) design for the fourth national survey of the Chinese materia medica resources (CMMR), we analyzed the assignment and objectives of the national survey and pointed out that the differences about CMMR management around China, the distribution of CMMR and their habitat, the economic and technological level, and even enthusiasm and initiative of the staff, etc. are the most difficult points for TS design. And we adopt the principle of combination of the mandatory and flexibility in TS design. We fixed the key points which would affect the quality of national survey first, then proposed the framework of TS which including 3 parts of organization and 11 parts of technique itself. The framework will serve and lead the TS preparation, which will not only provide an action standard to the national survey but will also have a profound influence to the popularization and application of the survey technology of CMMR. [Key words]
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; legislation & jurisprudence ; manpower ; methods ; standards ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Data Collection ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Materia Medica ; chemistry ; standards ; Quality Control

INTRODUCTIONThis study evaluated the data completeness in the registration of prostate cancer after robotic radical prostatectomy (RRP) in the Urological Cancer Registry at the Singapore General Hospital (SGH), and its compliance to the international standards of US Commission on Cancer (CoC).

MATERIALS AND METHODSA certified cancer registrar reviewed all RRP cases between June 2003 and July 2008 in the Urological Cancer Registry at SGH.

RESULTSA total of 365 cases were reviewed. The results showed that 351 (96.2%) of RRP patients' demographic data were captured and 321 (87.9%) of RRP patients were staged. According to the international standards of CoC for an academic institution, the requirement is to capture 100% of all cancer cases and stage at least 90% of them. As for data completeness, 317 (86.7%) of RRP details were captured as compared to the CoC standard requirement of 90%.

CONCLUSIONSThe existing manual cancer registry does not fully meet the CoC standards. Hence, the registry increased sources of case-finding and used active case-finding. With improvements made to the data collection methodology, the number of prostate cancer cases identified has been increased by 52.1% from 215 in 2007 to 327 in 2009. The registry is expected to be fully compliant with the CoC standard with the recruitment of more full time cancer registrars when a new web-based cancer registry is in full operation.

Algorithms ; Data Collection ; methods ; Demography ; Humans ; Male ; Prostatectomy ; instrumentation ; methods ; statistics & numerical data ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; surgery ; Registries ; Research Design ; standards ; Robotics ; Singapore

To establish guidelines to diagnosis and treatment for distending pain in breasts during menstruation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). With Delphimethod, sent to the second survey questionnaires to 40 gynecology experts in TCM and integrated traditional and western medicine and recovery 35 experts, and the questionnaires were analyzed with SPSS11. 5. The experts' activity and professional level is high. The experts are from all over China and express the typical opinions of all experts in this field. The items in the frame of the guidelines to diagnosis and treatment for distending pain in breasts during menstruation in traditional Chinese medicine are generally recognized. First draft of the guidelines has basically been formed.
Breast ; physiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Data Collection ; methods ; Female ; Guidelines as Topic ; standards ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Menstruation ; physiology ; Pain ; diagnosis ; Pain Management ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Having introduced PACS in brief, this paper presents some technical problems such as the selection of scale, function, database and monitor. And many solutions for these problems are given and compared with each other.
Data Collection ; Equipment Design ; Hospital Information Systems ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; methods ; Internet ; Radiology Information Systems ; instrumentation ; standards ; Systems Integration