Cancer patients always die from local or distant metastasis,Lymphangiogenesis and modification are the two most important factors who contribute to the lymphatic metastasis.So,this article summarize the informations about the role of lymphatic in the process of cancer metastasis on the aspect of molecular mechanism of lymphatic epithelium cells(LEC) in these years all around the world.

The 2450 MHz microwave irradiation was applied to the scrotal area of the rabbit and the temperature of the scrotal skin was maintained to 41—42℃ for 20 minutes. Ultrastructural alterations of the mucosa and muscularis of the seminal vesicles were studied by transmission electron microscopy at different intervals from 1 hour to 45 days after treatment. Both the principal cells and the smooth muscle cells were sensitive to microwave irradiation. Ultrastructural changes were detected in a few principal cells and smooth muscle cells after 1 hour. Later, the degeneration became serious 3 to 7 days following exposure, but appeared to be alleviated after 45 days. The main alterations in principal cells were dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Gelgi complex, many myelin figures and accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, swelling of microvilli and degeneration of nuclei. There were many vacuoles and myelin figures in the degenerative smooth muscle cells. Some basal cells also underwent degeneration. In addition, thickening and irregular infolding of the lamina propria were noted. The significance of the effects of microwave on the seminal vesicles was discussed.

The ultrastructure and AlP localization of the peritubular tissue of seminiferoustubules in man,rabbits,guinea pigs,rats and mice were observed.Usually,there are three layers of the cell which contains slender and branchcytoplasmic processes in human peritubular tissue.Cells of the inner most layerappear to have the characteristic of myoid cells.The outer layers looked the sameas fibroblasts.The myoid cells are frequently separated by wider intercellular spaces.AlP is localized in the basal lamina,innermost layer of collagenous fibrils zone,cytoplasm and inward plasma membrane of the myoid cells.The ultrastructure of the peritubular tissues of the four rodents are basicallythe same,there are only small differences among them.The myoid cells of rabbit andguinea pig are arranged in one layer and the ends of the adjacent cells may beoverlapped,which have a two-layers appearance.The myoid cells of rat and mouseform just one layer surrounding the tubule.The basal lamina in rabbit appears oneto two layers and in the other three rodents is only one layer.There are tightjunctions,open spaces of 100-200 (?) and wider intercellular spaces between theadjacent myoid cells in these four rodents.The AlP is localized in the basal lamina,inner non-cellular layer,cytoplasm and inward plasma membrane of the myoid cellsas well as endothelial cells of lymphatic sinusoid of all four rodents,but theowtward plasma membrane of myoid cells and outer non-cellular layer have theAlP only in guinea pig,rat,and mouse not in the rabbit.The physiological significance of the peritubular tissue and AlP enzymic sheathwere discussed.

The scrota and testes of the rabbits were exposed to 2450 mHz microwave field and the temperature of scrotal skin was raised to 41-42℃ for 20 minutes. Ultrastructural observations on the peritubular tissue of ductus epididymides were studied at different intervals from 30 minutes to 4 months after the treatment, and alkaline phosphatase cytochemical changes were observed at intervals from 12 hours to 30 days. Pronounced morphological alterations of the smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells of capillaries were detected within 30 minutes to I hour following exposure. After 24 hours to 3 days, the thickening of the peritubular tissue were noted. The thickening and infolding of the proper lamina were also prominent. The degenerative smooth muscle cells generally returned to normal appearance after 3-4 months, but the thickening of the peritubular tissue and infolding of the proper lamina still appeared. Alkaline phosphatase was localized in the basal lamina, proper lamina, the innermost smooth muscle cells cytoplasm and surface vesicles. There were no obvious alterations of alkaline phosphatase activity after 12 hours. After 15 days, the alkaline phosphatase prominently decreased, while after 30 days the alkaline phosphatase increased nearly to normal.

This paper presents the ultrastructural studies of the immediate and delayed effects of Cadmium (Cd) on rat testes and the protective effects of Zinc (Zn) on Cd induced injury. Forty-two rats were divided into three groups: 1) treatment with Cd (2mg/kg body weight); 2) treatment with Cd combined with Zn (80mg/kg body weight); and 3) the controls.The ultrastructural changes of some spermatids, spermatogonia primary spermatocytes and peritubular tissue were detected within 10—30 minutes after Cd treatment. The morphlogical alterations of spermatids and primary spermatocytes appeared first. However, after 1 hour, the changes of testicular capillaries were observed, and those of the Leydig cells were found within 2—4 hours. After 3—7 days, the seminiferous epitheium, peritubular tissue and interstitial tissue were totally necrosed. These results suggest that both seminiferous tubules and testicular capillaries are damaged directly by Cd treatment, but the ultrastructural alterations of the capillaries appear later than those of the seminiferous tubules. The protective effect of Zn on the testicular injury induced by Cd is prominent. However, this effect on the early spermatids is weaker than that on the other germ cells.

ObjectiveTo compare liver pathology changes of patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) and intrahepatic portal hypertension (IPH) after portosystemic shunt surgery. MethodsFrom January 2010 to December 2011,liverbiopsy was taken during shunt surgery (9 BCS patients,4 IPH patients),and 6-9 months after surgery on follow-up.Collagen type Ⅳ ( Col Ⅳ ),procollagen m (PC Ⅲ ),matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1),tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase(TIMP-1) were tested using SABC (immuonohistochemistry) method,and HE staining to observe the morphology of liver tissue.Free portal vein pressure before and after shunt was measured. ResultsIn BCS group,Col Ⅳ,PC 1Ⅲ and TIMP-1expression downregulated after surgery (127 ±15) vs.(137 ±16),t =4.896,P-0.013; (115.2 ± 10.6) vs.(127.3±9.5),t=4.877,P=0.003; (119.2±11.3) vs.(131.2±l9.6),t=2.841,P=0.023.MMP-1expression did not change ( P ＞ 0.05 ),while MMP-1/TIMP-1was not significantly correlated with liver fibrosis (0.95 ±0.16) vs.(0.98 ±0.15),t =-0.710,P =0.504.In IPH group,the expression of Col Ⅳ,PCⅢ,MMP-1,and MMP-1/TIMP-1did not change significantly after surgery (P ＞0.05).Compared with that in IPH group the expression of PC Ⅲ,Col Ⅳ and TIMP-1downregulated significantly in BCSgroup (127±15) vs.(150 ±12),U=3.000,P=0.038; (115.2 ±10.6) vs.(128.1±2.8),U=2.000,P=0.023; (119.2 ± 11.3) vs.(131.4 ±2.5),U=3.000,P =0.038.By HE staining in BCS group there was significant intrahepatic congestion which alleviated after surgery.While in PHT group liver pathology did not change significantly after surgery.FPP in BCS and IPH patients significantly decreased after shunt surgery (25 ±8) vs.(41±8) cmH20,t=17.816,P=0.000;(31±8) vs.(45 ±9) cmH20,t =5.745,P =0.010 ). Drop of FPP of BCS group plays a key role in reversal of liver fibrosis.ConclusionsIn BCS group liver pathology improved after shunt surgery probably by removing the intrahepatic obstruction,but in IPH group liver pathology remained unchanged after shunt.

Liver resection is the most effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system is commonly accepted as a guideline for HCC treatment, but it only recommends liver resection for the patients with HCC at stage 0 to A1. The surgical indications of the BCLC staging system need to be re-evaluated. 120 HCC patients undergoing curative liver resection were retrospectively stratified to the BCLC staging system, and the survival of the patients at stages A, B and C was analyzed. The justification of the BCLC staging system was re-evaluated. Fifty-two patients were classified at stage A, 51 at stage B and 17 at stage C respectively. The hospital mortality of this cohort was zero and the morbidity was 24.1%. The 1-, 2-, 3-year overall survival rate of this cohort was 81.6%, 68.3%, and 57.5% respectively. There was no significant difference in the survival rate between the patients at stage A and B (P>0.05). If the treatment guidelines of BCLC staging system were followed, the majority of the patients at stages A and B (77.7%, 80/103) would not have been treated surgically. Our data suggest that the surgical indications of the BCLC staging system are not justified for HCC treatment. More studies may be needed as for how to further broaden the surgical indications of the BCLC staging system in the future.

Objective Plasma circulating DNA can be em-ployed in place of bone marrow examination for the auxiliary diagnosis of leukemia.This study aimed to explore the clinical application of the plasma DNA level in evaluating the effect of chemotherapy on chronic leukemia. Methods We collected blood samples from 52 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) (33 in the chronic phase, 7 in the acceleration phase, and 12 in the blast phase) , 85 with chron-ic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (28 with complete remission, 27 with partial remission, and 30 with no remission), 4 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and 80 healthy subjects.We simultaneously obtained plasma DNA and recombinant plasmid DNA using the BI-LATEST DNA Kit and examined the human β-actin gene and the level of plasmid DNA by real-time quantitative PCR. Results Before chemotherapy, the median value of plasma DNA was 149.46(30.63-496.91)ng/ml in the CML and 101.54(69.10-258.14) ng/ml in the CLL patients, both significantly higher than in the healthy controls (19.05[12.67-25.92]ng/ml) (P<0.01).After chemotherapy, the plasma DNA level of the CML patients was remarkably decreased, but still higher than that of the controls ( P<0.01).The CML patients in the chronic phase showed a markedly higher level of plasma DNA (302.89[93.33-541.52]ng/ml) than those in the blast phase (43.19[23.54-70.03]ng/ml) and acceleration phase (28.11[16.21-92.07]ng/ml) (P<0.05).The CLL patients with CR exhibited a significantly lower level of plasma DNA (24.29[14.64-30.74]ng/ml) than those with PR (106.88 [96.23-143.25]ng/ml) and NR (460.73[284.57-653.38〗ng/ml) (P<0.01), but all dramatically higher than that of the healthy controls (P<0.01) Conclusion The quantification of plasma DNA has a clinical application value in evaluating the effect of chemo-therapy on chronic leukemia.

Objective To investigate the correlation of serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),visceral adipose and cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods From July 2016 to August 2017,72 patients with type 2 diabetes in our department of inpatient were selected as subjects.According to whether there was cognitive dysfunction,they were divided into 2 groups,type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with cognitive impairment group (A group) and simple type 2 diabetes group (B group).Another 40 healthy persons in the same period were selected as the control group.The indexes of glycolipid metabolism,visceral adipose and BDNF were measured in two groups.The logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of cognitive dysfunction,and the relationship between visceral adipose,BDNF and cognitive function was analyzed by Pearson correlation.Results (1) The total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG),low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),fasting insulin (FINS),fasting blood glucose (FPG),glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c),fasting insulin (FINS),insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR),and visceral fat hormone level of the three groups were from high to low in A group ＞ B group ＞ C group (P ＜ 0.05);while the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),the expression level of BDNF and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of the three groups were from high to low in C group ＞ B group ＞ A group (P ＜ 0.05);(2) The logistic regression analysis showed that visfatin,HOMA-IR,BDNF for the risk of cognitive impairment factors in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes;(3) Correlation analysis showed that the score and visceral fat MoCA and HOMA-IR were negatively correlated with the MoCA score was positively related to BDNF;HOMA-IR and visfatin was positively correlated,negatively correlated with BDNF.Conclusions The cognitive function of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes is related to serum visfatin and BDNF.Increased visfatin and BDNF may lead to cognitive dysfunction.

Liver resection is the most effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system is commonly accepted as a guideline for HCC treatment,but it only recommends liver resection for the patients with HCC at stage 0 to A1.The surgical indications of the BCLC staging system need to be re-evaluated.120 HCC patients undergoing curative liver resection were retrospectively stratified to the BCLC staging system,and the survival of the patients at stages A,B and C was analyzed.The justification of the BCLC staging system was re-evaluated.Fifty-two patients were classified at stage A,51 at stage B and 17 at stage C respectively.The hospital mortality of this cohort was zero and the morbidity was 24.1％.The 1-,2-,3-year overall survival rate of this cohort was 81.6％,68.3％,and 57.5％ respectively.There was no significant difference in the survival rate between the patients at stage A and B (P＞0.05).If the treatment guidelines of BCLC staging system were followed,the majority of the patients at stages A and B (77.7％,80/103) would not have been treated surgically.Our data suggest that the surgical indications of the BCLC staging system are not justified for HCC treatment.More studies may be needed as for how to further broaden the surgical indications of the BCLC staging system in the future.