The action mode of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) is still under debate, although it has long been used in treatment of several dermatologic diseases including Hansen's disease. In this study, we tested the effect of DDS as an antioxidant on paraquat-induced oxidative stress in non-phagocytic human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). Overall, preincubation of HDFs with DDS prevented the oxidative stress and the resulting cytotoxic damages caused by paraquat in these cells. The specific effects of DDS in paraquat-treated HDFs are summarized as follows: a) reducing the expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) by inhibiting paraquat-induced activation of PKC; b) inhibiting paraquat-induced decreases in mitochondrial complex protein levels as well as in membrane potentials; c) consequently, inhibiting the generation of cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide anions. Taken together, these findings suggest that DDS would suppress the radical generation in non-phagocytic HDFs during oxidative stress, and that DDS might have the extended potential to be used further in prevention of other oxidative stress-related pathologies.
Biphenyl Compounds/metabolism ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dapsone/*pharmacology ; *Diploidy ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Fibroblasts/*cytology/drug effects/enzymology/*metabolism ; Free Radical Scavengers/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects ; Humans ; Male ; Mitochondria/drug effects/pathology ; NADPH Oxidase/genetics/metabolism ; Paraquat/toxicity ; Phagocytosis/drug effects ; Picrates/metabolism ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism ; Superoxides/metabolism