Objective To investigate the distribution of etiological agents in children with asthma exacerbation in Chongqing during 2013 .Methods Four hundred and forty seven cases of hospitalized children with asthma exacerbation in 2013 in Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were retrospectively analyzed in SPSS19 .0 software .Results Among the 447 children with asthma exacerbation ,the percentage of bacteria was 43 .8% ,streptococcus pneumonia(SP)(25 .5% ) was the most common bacteria .Among the 25 cases with bacteria culture of bronchoalveolar lavage ,the positive rate was 44 .0% ,and the difference to sputum culture was not significant (P>0 .05) .The positive rate of 7 common respiratory viruses was 27 .3% ,RSV accounted for 18 .8% ,and it was the most common virus .The virus infection rate was higher in the groups below one years old ,and compared each groups′virus detection rates ,the difference was significant (P< 0 .05) .The positive rate of mycoplasma pneumoniae was 23 .5% ,chlamydia pneumonia was not detected .Conclusion Asthma exacerbation in children is closely related to respiratory infec‐tion .Bacteria detection rate was high in all ages ,which suggests that bacterial infection is an important factor in asthma exacerbation that can′t be ignored .

Objective To analyze the cancer incidence and mortality in Hebei cancer registry available areas in 2011.Methods Data were collected from 8 population-based cancer registries systems in Hebei province.Incidence and mortality rates stratified by areas (urban/rural),sex,age group and cancer site were analyzed.10 common cancers in different groups,proportions and cumulative rates were calculated.The Chinese population census in the year 2000 and Segi's populations were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates.Results In all the 8 cancer registries that covering a total of 4 573 293 population (2 139 779 in urban and 2 433 514 in rural areas),data was used for the analysis.The total new cancer incidence cases and deaths were 11 269 and 7 477,respectively.All the morphologically verified cancer cases (MV％) accounted for 75.26％ while 3.85％ of the incident cases were identified only through death certification records (DCO％).The mortality to incidence ratio appeared as 0.66.The crude incidence appeared in the Hebei cancer registration areas was 246.41/105 (264.55/105 in males and 227.75/105 in females).The age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) appeared as 207.13/105 and 206.61/105 respectively,with the cumulative incidence rates as (0-74 age years old) 23.57％.The cancer incidence and ASIRC were 242.64/105 and 200.19/105 in urban areas,whereas 249.72/105 and 214.11/105,respectively in rural areas.The crude mortality in Hebei cancer registration areas was 163.49/105(196.54/105 in male,129.51/105 in female),with age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) as 144.48/105 and 147.69/105.The cumulative mortality rate (0-74 age years old) was 14.71％.The cancer mortality (167.91/105) in rural areas seemed higher than the mortality (158.47/105) in urban areas.The most common sites of cancers were:stomach,lung,esophagus,breast,liver and colorectal,which accounted for 71.66％ of all the cancer cases.Lung cancer,stomach cancer,esophagus cancer,liver cancer and colorectal cancer were the major causes responsible for the cancer deaths in the areas with data of cancer registration,which accounted for 74.79％ of all the cancer deaths.Conclusion The coverage of Hebei cancer registration population could reflect the cancer burden in various areas and populations.The most commonly seen cancers were stomach,lung,esophagus,breast,liver,and colorectal,in Hebei province.In order to reduce the burden of cancers,prevention and control measures should be strengthened.

OBJECTIVETo systematically review and assess the relationship between particulate matter (PM(10) and PM(2.5)) and children's hospital admissions for asthma, using both time-series and case-crossover analyses.

METHODThe PubMed, Ebsco, Ovid and four Chinese periodical databases were screened for studies related to short-term effects of particulate matter on pediatric asthma hospital admissions published from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2013.Sixteen studies on PM(10) and 10 studies on PM(2.5) were selected finally for meta-analysis. Relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of asthma hospital admissions per 10 µg/m³ increase of daily particulate matter were obtained from each study. RevMan 5.2.11 was used to test the heterogeneity of the results among the different studies and amalgamat the effect size by fixed or random effect model.

RESULTAs the concentration of PM(10) increased per 10 µg/m³, the children's hospital admissions for asthma increased by 1.75%; for PM(2.5), a 3.45% increase for asthma hospital admissions as the concentration increased per 10 µg/m³. By subgroup analysis based on study design, the effect size on both PM(10) and PM(2.5) of case-crossover study's results were higher than time-series analysis.

CONCLUSIONThe short-term increase of the concentration of PM(10) and PM(2.5) may led to the increase of Children's hospital admissions for asthma, and PM(2.5) will present a higher risk contribution.

Air Pollutants ; adverse effects ; Asthma ; epidemiology ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Over Studies ; Hospitalization ; statistics & numerical data ; Hospitals, Pediatric ; Humans ; Odds Ratio ; Particulate Matter