Objective To investigate the effects of different values of PEEP on cardiac index (CI), stroke volume variation (SVV) and oxygen transport index (DO2I) in patients monitored by FloTrac/Vigileo system, and to provide some references for the hemodynamic management and improvement of oxygenation for patients. Methods Sixty patients scheduled for elective television (TV) auxiliary thoracoscope radical operation for esophageal cancer were included in this study. Data of CI, SVV and DO2I were observed by the FloTrac/Vigileo system. Changes of CI, SVV and DO2I were recorded after anesthesia induction and turn left side (T0), artificial pneumothorax with 0 PEEP after 5 minutes (T1), artificial pneumothorax with 5 PEEP after 5 minutes (T2), artificial pneumothorax with 10 PEEP after 5 minutes (T3), and artificial pneumothorax with 15 PEEP after 5 minutes (T4). Results Compared with T0, CI decreased and SVV increased significantly at T1, T2, T3 and T4(P<0.05). Compared with T1, CI decreased and SVV increased at T4. DO2I increased at T2 and T3 compared with that of T1(P<0.05). Conclusion PEEP may have a certain influence on CI and SVV in the process of operation. The values of 5-10 PEEP can significantly improve oxygenation and have a less influence on hemodynamics, which can be appropriately used in clinical care.

OBJECTIVETo determinate the contents of lignans in the stems, roots and fruits of Schisandra medicinal plants.

METHODHPLC was applied to determine the contents of schisandrin, gomisin A, schisantherin A, deoxyschizandrin, d-epigalbacine, (+)-anwulignan, wuweizisu B, 6-O-benzoylgomisin O and wuweizisu C in the stems, roots and fruits of Schisandra.

RESULTThe percent contents of 9 lignans in the fruits of 5 species were 0.52% - 1.96%, and 0.02% - 1.51% in the stems of 11 species. The lignans in the fruits of S. micrantha were similar to that of S. sphenanthera, especially with high content of deoxyschizandrin. The lignans of S. viridis were similar to that of S. chinensis and with high content of schisandrin, gomisin A and wuweizisu B. (+)-Anwulignan was present in the fruits of S. henryi and S. sphenanthera, in the stems of S. micrantha and S. pubescens var. pubinervis, and in the roots of S. bicolor with percentages of 0.77%, 0.42%, 0.50%, 0.26% and 0.38% respectively. d-Epigalbacine was present in the stems of S. pubescens var. pubinervis, S. pubescens and S. glaucescens with percentages of 0.89%, 1.51% and 0.17% respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe lignans contents in the fruits of Schisandra were higher than that in the roots and stems. The fruits of S. henryi and S. sphenanthera, the stems of S. micrantha and S. pubescens var. pubinervis and the roots of S. bicolor, the stems of S. pubescens var. pubinervis, S. pubescens and S. glaucescens may be served as the resources plants of (+)-anwulignan and d-epigalbacine respectively.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Lignans ; analysis ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; classification ; Schisandra ; chemistry ; classification ; Species Specificity

OBJECTIVETo compare changes of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) in different rat models of Gan stagnation (GS), Pi deficiency (PD), Gan stagnation Pi deficiency (GSPD) syndromes, and to observe interventional effect of Chaishu Sijun Decoction (CSD, capable of soothing Gan-qi invigorating Pi) on them.

METHODSSeventy Wistar rats were divided into the normal control group (group 1), the GS group (group 2), the PD group (group 3), the GSPD group (group 4), the GS intervention group (group 5), the PD intervention group (group 6), and the GSPD intervention group (group 7) according to random digit table, 10 in each group. Rats in group 1 received no treatment. Rats in group 2 and 5 were modeled by chronic restraint method. Rats in group 3 and 6 were modeled by excess fatigue plus alimentary abstinence method. Rats in group 4 and 7 were modeled by chronic restraint, excess fatigue, and alimentary abstinence method. At the 2nd weekend of modeling, CSD at 2.86 g/kg was fed to rats in group 5, 6, and 7 by gastrogavage for 2 successive weeks. Equal volume of distilled water was given to rats in the rest 4 groups. On the 29th day, rats were killed, adrenal weight weighed, and adrenal index calculated. Levels of plasma and hypothalamus corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), plasma and pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), and plasma corticosterone (CORT) were determined using radioimmunity.

RESULTSCompared with group 1, adrenal index significantly decreased in group 2, 3, and 4 (P < 0.05). Of them, plasma and hypothalamus CRH, plasma CORT increased significantly in group 2 and 4 (P < 0.05). Besides, plasma and pituitary ACTH increased in group 4 (P < 0.05). Plasma and pituitary ACTH, as well as plasma CORT decreased significantly in group 3 (P < 0.05). Compared with group 2, 3, and 4, adrenal index increased significantly in group 5, 6, and 7 (P < 0.05). Compared with group 2, plasma CORT, hypothalamus CRH, and pituitary ACTH decreased significantly in group 5 (P < 0.05). Compared with group 3, plasma ACTH and CORT increased significantly in group 6 (P < 0.05). Compared with group 4, plasma CRH, ACTH, CORT, hypothalamus CRH, and pituitary ACTH decreased in group 7 (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe function of HPA .axis was damaged to varying degrees in rats of the three models in this experiment. Hyperactivity of HPA axis existed in GS syndrome and GSPD syndrome. Impairment of feedback regulation in hypothalamus and pituitary was accompanied in GSPD syndrome. Hypofunction of HPA axis existed in PDS. CSD, capable of soothing Gan-qi invigorating'Pi, showed improvement on disarranged HPAA, but with optimal effect on GSPD syndrome. CSD had higher correlation with GSPD syndrome.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; metabolism ; Animals ; Corticosterone ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; metabolism ; Hypothalamus ; metabolism ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Models, Animal ; Pituitary Gland ; metabolism ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of ginseng and Ligustrazine drug containing serum on the proliferation, vitality, and extracellular-signal-responsive kinase (ERK) pathway in neural stem cells undergoing in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation culture.

METHODSThe cultured neural stem cells were randomly divided into 5 groups, i.e., the normal control group (Group A), the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation group (Group B), the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation +ginseng serum group (Group C), the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation + Ligustrazine serum group (Group D), and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation +ginseng and Ligustrazine drug serum group (Group E).The protein expression levels of ERK and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) were observed using immunoblotting. The proliferation of neural stem cells was observed using 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay. The vitality of neural stem cells was detected using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetry.

RESULTSThe p-ERK level increased transiently at 10 min and 30 min after reoxygenation, but it decreased to the normal level at 4 h, 6 h, and 1 day, respectively. Compared with Group B, the p-ERK level at 6 h after reoxygenation could be elevated in Group C, D, and E. The proliferation and the vitality of neural stem cells at 1 day after reoxygenation could be enhanced. Furthermore, the effects of combination of ginseng and Ligusticum were better than those of using ginseng or Ligusticum alone.

CONCLUSIONSCombination of ginseng and Ligusticum could promote the proliferation and vitality of rats' neural stem cells undergoing oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation culture through ERK signal pathway. Its effects was better than that of using ginseng or Ligusticum alone.

Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases ; metabolism ; Female ; Ligusticum ; chemistry ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; drug effects ; Male ; Neural Stem Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Panax ; chemistry ; Phosphorylation ; Pyrazines ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

To optimize the belt drying process conditions optimization of Gardeniae Fructus extract from Reduning injection by Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology, on the basis of single factor experiment, a three-factor and three-level Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to optimize the drying technology of Gardeniae Fructus extract from Reduning injection. With drying temperature, drying time, feeding speed as independent variables and the content of geniposide as dependent variable, the experimental data were fitted to a second order polynomial equation, establishing the mathematical relationship between the content of geniposide and respective variables. With the experimental data analyzed by Design-Expert 8. 0. 6, the optimal drying parameter was as follows: the drying temperature was 98.5 degrees C , the drying time was 89 min, the feeding speed was 99.8 r x min(-1). Three verification experiments were taked under this technology and the measured average content of geniposide was 564. 108 mg x g(-1), which was close to the model prediction: 563. 307 mg x g(-1). According to the verification test, the Gardeniae Fructus belt drying process is steady and feasible. So single factor experiments combined with response surface method (RSM) could be used to optimize the drying technology of Reduning injection Gardenia extract.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; instrumentation ; methods ; Desiccation ; instrumentation ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Gardenia ; chemistry ; Research Design ; Vacuum

OBJECTIVEFrequency, type and clinical implications on protease and reverse transcriptase drug resistance mutations were investigated and phylogenetic analysis in antiretroviral drug-naïve AIDS patients was carried out in Henan province.

METHODS45 plasma samples were separated from the anticoagulatory whole blood, from which reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique was used to amplify the partial pol gene. The sequences were analysed for genotypic antiretroviral resistance and phylogenetic relation through landing the websites http://hivdb.stanford.edu and http://hiv-web.lanl.gov, under BioEdit and DNAClub software.

RESULTSPartial pol sequences of 36 samples were successfully amplified. The major mutation rate of resistance to protease was 8.3% (3/36), including types D30A, V32A, G73C and V82A. Minor mutation rate of resistance was 100%, including types of L63PS (36/36), I93L (35/36), V77IL (34/36), A71IVT (10/36) and D60E (2/36). The mutation rate of resistance to reverse transcriptase was 38.9% (14/36). Mutation-scoring and clinical implication clewed drug resistance rates were 5.6% (2/36) and 22.2% (8/36) to protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors respectively, while 1 sample was potentially low-level resistant to all of the protease inhibitors and 3 samples to part of the reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the pol gene of 36 samples were highly homologous and having a near relative to B.US.83.RF ACC M17451. 36 samples seemed to have the same infection source while their resistance mutations were not due to drug-resistant virus infection but to the evolving of virus in vivo.

CONCLUSIONMost of the antiretroviral drug-naïve AIDS patients in Henan province were sensitive to the currently available antiviral medicine, but antiviral treatment must be in accordance with the strict procedure and to keep better adherence, to avoid the epidemics caused by drug-resistant virus.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; genetics ; Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents ; pharmacology ; China ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; genetics ; Female ; Genes, pol ; genetics ; Genotype ; HIV Protease ; genetics ; HIV Protease Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ; pharmacology

Female ; Humans ; Lymphoma, T-Cell ; diagnosis ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma ; diagnosis

Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma ; diagnosis ; immunology ; Prognosis ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; immunology

To study the effect of donor TNF-alpha gene polymorphism on severe acute and extensive chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD), TNF-alpha gene polymorphism was analyzed by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and DNA sequencing in twenty-one patients with III/IV degree acute GVHD and twenty-seven patients with extensive chronic GVHD. The results showed that the frequency of TNF-alpha-308 (G/A) significantly increased in patients with III/IV degree acute GVHD compared to 0/I degree aGVHD patients (8/21 vs 1/28) (P < 0.01) and the frequency of TNF-alpha-308 (G/A) is significantly higher in patients with extensive chronic GVHD than in patients without chronic GVHD (7/23 vs 1/17) (P < 0.05). However, the frequency of TNF-alpha-238 (G/A) does not significantly changed in patients with III/IV degree acute GVHD and extensive chronic GVHD. In conclusion, the TNF-alpha-308 (G/A) is likely to contribute to high risk for III/IV degree acute GVHD and extensive chronic GVHD.
Base Sequence ; Blood Donors ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; DNA ; chemistry ; genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Graft vs Host Disease ; etiology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Male ; Point Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo find the patterns of the rDNA ITS sequence variation of Schisandra sphenanthera and S. viridis, and to establish the molecular biological method for the identification of Fructus Schisandrae Sphenantherae and the fruits of S. viridis.

METHODPCR products were sequenced directly and the sequences were analyzed with PAUP 4.0b10. NJ systematic tree was obtained with neighbor-joining method.

RESULTThe Complete ITS sequence of S. sphenanthera was 691-692 bp, of which there were 282 bp of ITS1 and 246-247 bp of ITS2. The complete sequence of S. viridis was 694-695 bp, consisting of 285-286 bp of ITS1 and 246-247 bp of ITS2. There were three informative sites in ITS1 regions for the two species. In the NJ tree with Kadsura anamosma and K. coccinea as outgroups, five different populations of S. viridis were the monophyletic group with the bootstrap value of 68%. These populations included one from Tianmushan, Zhejiang province, three populations from Jigongshan, Henan Province and the other two populations of S. viridis cited the sequences from GeneBank (registration numbers are AF263438 and AF163703 respectively).

CONCLUSIONThe rDNA internal transcribed spacer is a good marker to distinguish the Fructus Schisandrae Sphenantherae from the fruits of S. viridis.

Base Sequence ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; genetics ; Drug Contamination ; Fruit ; genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plants, Medicinal ; classification ; genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S ; genetics ; Schisandra ; classification ; genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA