In recent years，the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased rapidly，and obesity can seriously affect physical and mental health of children and adolescents，and is likely to extend into adulthood. The onset and development of childhood obesity is related to multiple factors such as genetic predisposition and environment. So far，more and more studies have found that the gut microbiota，as an important part of the internal environment，is closely related to childhood obesity. Perturbed gut microbiota and its derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids，bile acids，indole and their derivatives are widely involved in the onset and development of childhood obesity. At present，regulating the compositions and function of gut microbiota through probiotics and prebiotics，fecal microbiota transplantation，dietary intervention，and bariatric surgery is a new direction for the prevention and treatment of obesity. This paper reviews the research progress on the association between gut microbiota and childhood obesity，in order to provide novel insights for prevention and intervention of childhood obesity based on gut microbiota.