Tear fluid is a complex body fluid,which may contain thousands of protein/peptides and other molecules.Studies have determined that the changes in the chemical compositions of tears play an important role in some diseases and their progression.Tear fluid is a useful and easily accessible source for understanding ocular surface diseases,other eye diseases,and systemic diseases.It can also be used for identification of biomarkers for clinical applications and pharmaceutical development.Therefore,quantitative proteomic analysis of tears may provide very important information for diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases or the development of new drugs.Knowledge of the current proteomic technologies for tear analysis is helpful for conducting studies.In addition,ophthalmologists should pay close attentions to the association between tear proteomic changes and eye diseases,recent advances in tear proteomics and their applications in studying ocular surface diseases and conditions.

Previous research demonstrated that human tear is a valuable source for biomarker discovery for many ocular surface diseases.Here, we systematically summarized the changes of tear protein profile in many ocular surface diseases, including dry eye, blepharitis, ocular allergy, keratoconus, infectious keratitis, conjunctivochalasis, ocular rosacea, and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and other conditions, such as diabetes, ocular surface wounding and refractive surgeries, contact lens wearing, and effects of glaucoma medication on ocular surface, attempting to make ophthalmologists understand the specific changes of tear protein profile in each disease or condition and hold the promise for optimal management of the diseases.

Objective To observe the distribution and concentration of ~(125)I-nerve growth factor (NG-F) in rabbits' eyes after intravitreal injection and posterior juxtascleral injection.Methods Intravitreal injection(group A) and posterior juxtascleral injection (group B) were performed with the dosage of 30μg/100μl ~(125)I-NGF on left and right eyes in 45 white rabbits respectively.The γ-counts and the concentration of ~(125)I-NGF (%ID/g) of each ocular tissue was determined 15 and 30 minutes,and 1,3,6,12,24,and 48hours after injection.Results The ~(125)I-NGF diffusion in group A was faster in ocular content and ocular inner wall.The vitreous content of ~(125)I-NGF decreased gradually in group A,the curve changes in other eye tissues were normal.The concentration of ~(125)I-NGF reached the peak 3 hours after injection in aqueous humor,iris and ciliary body,retina,and choroids,but 6 hours after injection in sclera and 8 hours in cornea.The changes of concentration of ~(125)I-NGF in group B showed normal curve change.The peak time in group B were all 6 hours,in all the tissues except aqueous humor (3 hours).Except the high concentration in vitreous body caused by intravitreal injection,the concentration of ~(125)I-NGF in retina was the highest in group A.Conclusion Intravitreal injection of ~(125)I-NGF can gain higher concentration in each ocular tissue than posterior juxtaseleral injection,especially in retina.So intravitreal injection of NGF is a better ocular delivery method to treat the ocular fundus diseases.

Objective To observe safety of intravitreal injection of mouse nerve growth factor and its distribution in retina in rabbits .Methods The behavioral observation ,slit lamp examination ,fundus examination ,eye B ultrasonic and histopathological ex‐amination were carried out on 1 ,7 and 30 d after intravitreal injection 30 μg/100 μL mNGF to determine the safety in eye .The dis‐tribution and peak time in retina were investigated at 15 ,30 min ,1 ,3 ,6 ,8 ,12 ,24 ,48 h after intravitreal injection 125 I‐NGF 30 μg/100 μL .Results No abnormal changes were found in their cornea ,lens ,vitreous body and retina after mNGF intravitreal injection . And the each layer of retinal cells layout were regular according to the result of morphological observation on 30 days after treat‐ment .The peak concentration of mNGF in retina and the highest in whole eye was (118 .32 ± 18 .74)% ID/g and the peak time was at 3 hour after injection .Conclusion It is safe for intravitreal injection of mNGF and mNGF could gather in retina quickly after in‐travitreal injection .

ObjectiveTo explore the recurrence inhibition of colorectal cancer by adenoviral transducted endostatin gene. Methods The recombinant adenovirus expressing endostatin was constructed. Its biological activities were observed. The levels of endostatin in mice peripheral blood, tumor local recurrence and tumor cell apotosis were analyzed after the endostatin gene transduction by adenovirus. Results The infecting supernatant of recombinant adenovirus significantly inhibited HUVEC proliferation. After the injection of the recombinant adenovirus, persistent high serum levels of endostatin in peripheral blood was observed, local recurrence rate decreased, and apotosis of recurrence tumor cells increased.Conclusions The intraveneously injection of recombinant adenovirus mediated endostatin gene produces high concentration and stable expression of endostatin,which effects prevention of local recurrence after surgical resection of colorectal cancer.

Objective To establish a novel atherosclerosis model by inflammation in rats and investigate the anti-atherosclerotic effect of Rb1.Methods Healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, namely the control group, model group (using zymosan A to induce inflammation) and Rb1-treated group (12 rats in each group).The rats were administered liquid paraffin (i.p.), zymosan A (20 mg/kg, i.p., once every 4 days) or zymosan A and Rb1 (40 mg/kg, i.p., once daily), respectively.All animals were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks.At scheduled time points, pathological changes in the aorta were observed using Sudan IV staining and transmission electron microscopy.White blood cell count was used to assess the inflammation.The expression of NFκB, TNFα, IL6 was evaluated by real time PCR, im-munohistochemistry and ELISA, respectively.Results Typical atherosclerotic changes such as fatty streaks, plaque, foam cells in the rats following zymosan A induction were alleviated by Rb1 treatment.In the Rb1-treated group, there was a markedly decreased expression of NFκB, TNFα, and IL6.Conclusion The model of atherosclerosis can be established by inflammation based on high-fat diet in rats.Rb1 inhibits atherosclerosis through anti-inflammatory effect.

0.05).Conclusion The rat corneal neovascularization induced by alkali cauterization can be significantly inhibited by local application of 0.025%,0.1% Nordy eye drops that have no toxicity and adverse effect.

OBJECTIVETo study the prevention of colorectal cancer liver metastasis by adenoviral transduction of the endostatin gene.

METHODSThe recombinant adenovirus expressing endostatin was constructed. Its biological activities were surveyed in vitro, as determined in human umbilicus vein endothelium cell (HUVEC) proliferation inhibition, and in vivo, by reduction of liver metastasis.

RESULTSHUVEC proliferation was obviously inhibited by the infecting supernatant of recombinant adenovirus. Persistent high serum levels of endostatin in peripheral blood, especially in the liver vein were observed. The production of liver metastasis was intervened.

CONCLUSIONSThe single injection in the vein of the recombinant adenovirus realizes the high effective and stable expression of endostatin in general body and liver, which brings about the ideal prevention of liver metastasis.

Adenoviridae ; genetics ; Animals ; Cell Division ; drug effects ; Collagen ; genetics ; therapeutic use ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endostatins ; Endothelium, Vascular ; drug effects ; pathology ; Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors ; Liver Neoplasms ; prevention & control ; secondary ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; prevention & control ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Peptide Fragments ; genetics ; therapeutic use ; Transduction, Genetic

Axon guidance molecules,slit glycoprotein (Slit) and Roundabout receptors (Robo) were firstly identified in the central neural system of Drosophila melanogaster.The Slit-Robo signal plays a crucial role in axon guidance,inflammation,tumor metastasis and angiogenesis,of which the role of Slit2-Robo pathway in angiogenesis has drawn a greater attention and still remains conflicting.Herein,we provide a review on the role of Slit2-Robo pathway in ocular angiogenesis and vascularization of other organs and systems.We hope this review will be the basis of further study on the mechanism of Slit2-Robo signaling on angiogenesis and provide new target for the therapy on ocular vascular disease

Objective:To explore the microvasculature changes in macular area of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) patients with macular edema (ME).Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.Fifteen patients with monocular ME secondary to CRVO (30 eyes) and 15 age- and gender-matched normal subjects (15 eyes) were enrolled in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from November 2017 to March 2019.Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, slit lamp microscope with pre-set lens, color fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed in all subjects.The central macular thickness (CMT), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, FAZ perimeter, acircularity index (AI), vessel density of superficial retinal capillary plexus (SCP) and deep retinal capillary plexus (DCP) in 3 mm×3 mm macular area were measured by optical coherence tomography angiography instrument and compared between different groups.The correlation between BCVA, CMT and microvascular structural parrameters in ME eyes of CRVO patients was analyzed by Pearson linear correlation test.This study protocol adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (No.2018-211).Written informed consent was obtained from each subject before any medical examination.Results:Compared with contralateral eyes, the FAZ area and FAZ perimeter of ME eyes were significantly increased, and AI, the vessel density of SCP and DCP were significantly decreased (all at P<0.01).Compared with normal control eyes, the FAZ area and FAZ perimeter of contralateral eyes of CRVO patients were significantly increased, and AI, the vessel density of DCP were significantly decreased (all at P<0.05).In ME eyes, the BCVA LogMAR was positively correlated with FAZ area and FAZ perimeter ( r=0.614, 0.609; both at P<0.05), and was negatively correlated with AI and vessel density of SCP ( r=-0.517, -0.593; both at P<0.058).In ME eyes, CMT was positively correlated with FAZ area and FAZ perimeter ( r=0.523, 0.610; both at P<0.05), and was negatively correlated with AI and the vessel density of SCP ( r=-0.537, -0.608; both at P<0.05). Conclusions:The characteristic microvascular change in ME secondary to CRVO eyes is the decrease of blood flow caused by the decrease of capillaries in fovea, and the same change in blood flow also exists in their contralateral eyes.The degree of ME and visual function damage are correlated with the degree of foveal damage and the blood flow in fovea.