AIM To study the distrubution and excretion of protopine in rats. METHODS Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method (RP HPLC) was developed for determining the level of protopine in rats. The analytical column were packed with 5 ?m C 18 . The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol, water and 10% acetic acid (80∶20∶2), in which the pH was modulated to 5 6 with 15% ammonia. Protopine biological samples were isolated well, in which two extraction with ether under basical condition and an extraction with 0 02 mol?L -1 sulfuric acid were performed, respectively. The content of protopine in the biological sample was measured by an UV detector at 285 nm. The distrubution and excetion of protopine have been investigated in rats after intravenous administration 10 mg?kg -1 . RESULTS Protopine distrubuted in many tissues after iv a dose of 10 mg?kg -1 . The higher level of protopine was found in lung, kidney, spleen and brain, and the highest was observed in lung at 5, 15 minutes after administration. However the top level tissue was testicle at 3 h, which may be due to small blood circulation. The excretion of the parent compound in urine was 36 87% of dose, but the excretion of the parent compound in feces and bile was less than 1% of dose. Plasma protein binding was less than 5%. CONCLUSION The distrubution of protopine is extensive and the parent compoud was mainly excreted by urine and plasma protein binding was low.

Objective:To analyze the global incidence and mortality of cancer from 1990 to 2019.Methods:The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD2019) database was utilized to analyze the global incidence and mortality of cancer, the order of incidence and mortality of cancer, the incidence and mortality of different age groups, and the trend of incidence and mortality from 1990 to 2019. Standardized incidence and mortality rates were derived by utilizing the world standard population age structure.Results:In 1990, global cancer cases numbered 10.295 9 million with an incidence rate of 192.45/100 000, leading to 5.732 6 million deaths and a mortality rate of 107.16/100 000. While in 2019, global cancer cases escalated to 23.568 5 million with an incidence rate of 304.60/100 000, resulting in 10.022 8 million deaths and a mortality rate of 129.54/100 000, all higher than those in 1990. In 2019, lung cancer showed the highest incidence rate of both sexes combined in the world (29.21/100 000), followed by colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer and gastric cancer. The incidence of lung cancer was highest among males (39.24/100 000), while the incidence of breast cancer was highest among females (51.27/100 000). Lung cancer also had the highest mortality rate worldwide in both sexes combined (26.40/100 000), followed by colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer and pancreatic cancer. Lung cancer had the highest mortality among males (35.72/100 000), while breast cancer had the highest mortality among females (17.85/100 000). In 2019, the global cancer incidence rate showed an upward trend with age. The incidence rate was low before the age of 25, and increased rapidly after the age of 25. The incidence rates of both sexes combined, males and females all reached the peak in the age group of over 85 years old, which were 3 084.18/100 000, 4 434.81/100 000 and 2 353.07/100 000 respectively; The incidence rate of females in the age group of 20-50 years old was higher than that of males, but the incidence rate of males in the age group of over 55 years old was higher than that of females. Compared with 1990, the incidence rates of both sexes combined in the age group of over 20, of males over 55 years old, as well as of females over 15 years old, were all higher than those in 2019. In 2019, the global tumor mortality rate showed an upward trend with age. The mortality rate was relatively low before the age of 35, and increased rapidly after the age of 35. The mortality rates for both sexes combined, as well as for males and females, reached the peak in the age group of over 85 years old, which were 1 787.84/100 000, 2 509.87/100 000, and 1 369.99/100 000 respectively; The mortality rate of females in the age group of 20-40 years old was higher than that of males, and the mortality rate of males in the age group of over 45 years old was higher than that of females; For the age of 0-80 years old, the mortality rates for both sexes combined, males, and females were lower in 2019 than 1990, but higher in the age of 85 years old and above. The global standardized incidence rate of cancer showed an overall upward trend, with an average annual increase of 0.30% from 1990 to 2019. The global standardized mortality rate of cancer showed an overall downward trend, with an average annual decrease of 0.60% from 1990 to 2019.Conclusion:From 1990 to 2019, the global standardized incidence rate of cancers shows an overall upward trend, while the global standardized mortality rate of cancers has an overall downward trend, and the global incidence and mortality rate of cancers increases with age. The global burden of cancer disease is still heavy. Lung cancer is the cancer with the highest incidence and mortality rate in the world. The highest incidence rate is lung cancer among males, and breast cancer among females. Different countries or regions need to take corresponding cancer prevention and treatment strategies according to their actual conditions.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of postoperative fecal contamination in children pa-tients with Hirschsprung's disease(HSCR),and to construct and evaluate the risk predictive model.Methods The clinical data in 377 children patients with HSCR in 3 class 3A hospitals in Guangxi from Janu-ary 2016 to June 2021were retrospectively analyzed by adopting the convenience sampling method.The pa-tients were divided into the modeling group(n=264)and testing model group(n=113)with a ratio of 7∶3.The risk factors of postoperative fecal soiling were analyzed by the single factor and multiple factors,and the risk predictive model was constructed.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to detect the discriminative ability of the model and the H-L test was used to determine the goodness of fit of the mod-el.The model was prospectively validated in 21 children patients with HSCR from August to December 2021.Results Among 377 children patients with HSCR,the fecal soiling occurred in 131 cases with a incidence rate of 34.75％.The constructed predictive model of fecal contamination risk after HSCR operation:logit(P)=-2.385+1.697 × special type of megacolon+0.929 × Soave+0.105 × length of bowel resection+2.065 × il-literate caregivers+0.808 × caregivers'implementation of postoperative diet+0.867 × postoperative defecation training by caregivers.The area under the curve(AUC)in the modeling group was 0.849,the Yoden index was 0.53,the optimal critical value of the model was 0.32,the sensitivity was 76.00％,and the specificity was 77.00％.The H-L test,X2=6.649,P=0.575.AUC of the testing model group was 0.736,the sensitivity was 81.25％,and the specificity was 78.46％.The prospective validation results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the model were 66.67％and 100％respectively.Conclusion The constructed model has good i-dentification and predictive ability.

Objective To test the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus from children with impetigo,and to assess the differences in randomly amplified polymorphic DNA profiles between sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.Methods Secretion specimens were obtained from the impetiginous lesions of 178 children,and subjected to bacterial culture.The susceptibility of 162 Staphylococcus aureus isolates against 21 antibiotics was tested.Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR(RAPD-PCR)was performed to characterize the genotype of Staphylococcus aureus.Results Totally,180 bacterial strains were isolated from 178 children with impetigo in Chengdu,including 162(90.00％)Staphylococcus aureus strains.Of the 162 Staphylococcus aureus strains,148 were methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus(MSSA),14 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).The most active antibiotic was minocycline,followed by teicoplanin,quinupristin,vancomycin and nitrofurantoin,while the resistance rate to penicillin was highest,followed by that to erythromycin,clindamycin,compound sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline.All the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were sensitive to fusidic acid,nitrofurantoin,vancomycin,minocycline and teicoplanin.According to RAPD-PCR,the 162 Staphylococcus aureus strains were divided into 8 genotypes,with the three most prevalent genotypes being Ⅲ(31.48％),Ⅱ(26.54％)and Ⅵ(25.93％),which accounted for 65.43％(106/162)in all the strains.The 148 MSSA strains fell into 8 genotypes,with genotype Ⅲ(50 strains,33.78％),Ⅵ(39 strains,26.35％)and Ⅱ(33 strains,22.30％)being the most prevalent genotypes;the 14 MRSA strains fell into 3 genotypes,i.e.,genotype Ⅱ(10 strains,71.43％),Ⅵ(3 strains,21.43％),and Ⅲ(1 strain,7.14％).Conclusions Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent pathogenic bacteria in children with impetigo in Chengdu area,which is highly sensitive to minocycline,teicoplanin and quinupristin,and falls into 8 genotypes according to RAPD-PCR with genotype Ⅲ being the most common genotype.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the association between the two single nucleotide polymorphisms located in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)in Han population in Guangdong province.

METHODSTwo tagSNPs (rs4646312 and rs4680) were picked out from COMT gene. Using the SNPscan(TM) Kit, SNP genotyping was then performed, in two cohorts, including 595 cases and 725 controls. Finally, Chi-square test, logistic regression model and other methods were employed for statistical analysis.

RESULTSThe frequencies of TT, CT and CC of rs4646312 appeared to be 304(51.1%), 234(39.3%)and 57 (8.6%) in cases, 323 (44.6%), 319 (44.0%) and 83(11.4%)in controls, respectively. The frequencies of GG,GA and AA of rs4680 were 311(52.4%), 236 (39.8%) and 46(7.8%)in cases, 417(57.7%), 265 (36.6%) and 41 (5.7%) in controls, respectively.

RESULTSshowed that SNP rs4646312 was significantly associated with T2DM both in allelic association analysis (P = 0.020,OR = 1.26, 95%CI:1.04-1.53)and in recessive model (P = 0.022, OR = 1.35, 95% CI:1.05-1.74)after adjustment for sex,BMI and TG. The association between rs4680 and T2DM was not significant, but BMI was remarkably different among the three genotypes of rs4680 after controlling for other factors.

CONCLUSIONSNP rs4646312 of COMT gene was associated with the increased risk of T2DM in Han population in Guangdong province. However, rs4680 was not significantly associated with T2DM.

Adult ; Aged ; Alleles ; Case-Control Studies ; Catechol O-Methyltransferase ; genetics ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; etiology ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide