In this study, PCR technique was used with 2 primer pairs for amplifying DNA fragments at 5’ and 3’ of the gene encoding diphteria toxine of the strains Corynebacterium diphtheriae. After the cloning and sequencing, 2 separated fragments were joined to form a complete gene. The sequence of gene was translated into protein and the results were submitted into Gene Bank Database
Diphtheria Toxin ; Genes ; Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Background Nha Trang Institute of Vaccines Medical Biologicals has produced successfully vaccine for human influenza A/H5N1 in embryonic chicken eggs. Effectiveness of the vaccine immune response is highly dependent on the type of adjuvant used.\r\n', u'Objective: To study adjuvants for preparing A/H5N1 influenza vaccine.\r\n', u'Subjects and methods: The study used a comparative approach on capacity to increase the immune response of various adjuvants AIPO4, Chitosan and Freund tested in mice. Experiment of erythrocyte agglutination reaction is used to measure levels of antibody response in mice blood. The process of weight gain in mice after injection of vaccine adjuvant mixture is monitored.\r\n', u'Results: HA antibody level of the vaccine adjuvant mixture is higher than of the vaccine without adjuvant. Capacity of stimulating immune response of Chitosan adjuvant is higher than AlPO4. Repeat injection on day 20th is suitable for vaccine with AlPO4or vaccine without adjuvant. Repeat injection is after day 20th for vaccine with Chitosan or Freund depending on the amount of residual antibody in the blood. \r\n', u'Capacity of stimulating immune response of Freund adjuvant is the best in the 3 adjuvants but the safety of this adjuvant is low\r\n', u' Freund adjuvant should be used only for animals. When using Freund adjuvant to induce immunity to animals it should determine the amount of antibodies causing immune before repeating.\r\n', u'Conclusion: Freund adjuvant should be used only for animals. \r\n', u'\r\n', u'
Influenza A Virus ; H5N1 Subtype

Background: A/H5N1 influenza virus spreads from birds to humans and cause influenza diseases with high mortality rate. Vaccination is the most effective way to protect communities from pandemic, reduce morbidity and mortality. The study of creating A/H5N1 influenza vaccines in conformity with Vietnam was the urgent need. Institute of Vaccine\u2019s Achievement (IVAC) studied production of inactivated influenza vaccine for human on egg-grown from reassortants NIBRG-14. Objectives: In order to produce experimentally A/H5N1 influenza vaccine for human in accordance with WHO requirements and set up a viable process for production of the vaccines. Subjects and method: 10 days embryonated eggs and NIBRG-14 strains were served to the study with LAL method to check endotoxin, Kijehdal method to test total protein. Results: IVAC had produced successfully 5 lots of absorbed vaccine A/H5N1 (FLUVAC) using NIBRG-14 strains and embryonated eggs. Initially, production and quality control processes had been set up at IVAC by applying the recommendations of WHO. Conclusion: The success of the study was a basis of the approval of the government to establish a influenza vaccine manufacturing facilities.
Influenza A Virus ; H5N1 Subtype ; Influenza Vaccines ; Humans ; Eggs

Background: Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is common in the plains and mountainous areas in Asia \u2013 Pacific. Japanese encephalitis vaccine shows effectiveness in protecting children from JE in some countries such as Japan and Korea. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vaccination in Thai Binh province during 2003-2007. Subject and Method: Prospective, retrospective and sero-epidemiological methods were carried out on 329 samples collected from viral encephalitis patients and tested by JE MAC-ELISA, the positive average was 41.6% (137/329). Result: It had dramatically dropped from 85.2% in 2003 to 8.5 % in 2007 related to the rate of JE vaccination for children from 1 to 5 years old increasing from 49 % in 2003 to 77 % in 2007. Most of JE confirmed cases were un-vaccinated. Conclusion: JE etiology cause viral encephalitis in children in Thai Binh province was reduced thanks to JE vaccination in EPI program for 1 to 5 year old children. But more than 96% (131/136) of viral encephalitis in 15 years old upward was unknown etiology, the need for further study of the etiology cause viral encephalitis in adults.
Japanese encephalitis ; virus encephalitis ; MAC-ELISA ; Vaccine

As the associations of sperm DNA fragmentation with morphology have not been examined in detail, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between abnormalities of morphological details and DNA integrity in human sperm. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, men from infertile couples were enrolled at Hue Center for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Vietnam. Conventional semen parameters, including morphological details, were analyzed following the World Health Organization 2010 criteria. Sperm DNA fragmentation was evaluated using a sperm chromatin dispersion assay. The relationships and correlations between semen parameters, sperm morphology, and the type of halosperm and the DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were analyzed. Results: Among 130 men in infertile couples, statistically significant differences were not found in the sperm halo type between the normal and abnormal sperm morphology groups. The percentage of round-head spermatozoa was higher in the DFI >15% group (16.98%±12.50%) than in the DFI ≤15% group (13.13% ±8.82%), higher values for amorphous heads were found in the DFI >15% group, and lower values for tapered heads were observed in the DFI ≤15% group; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Small-halo sperm and the DFI were positively correlated with round-head sperm (r=0.243, p=0.005 and r=0.197, p=0.025, respectively). Conclusion: The rate of general sperm morphological abnormalities in semen analysis was not related to sperm DNA integrity. However, round sperm heads were closely associated with sperm DNA fragmentation.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of physiological intracytoplasmic sperm injection (PICSI) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in terms of the fertilization rate and embryo quality using sibling oocyte cycles. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study collected data from 76 couples who underwent their first cycle at the Hue Center for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Vietnam, between May 2019 and November 2021. The inclusion criteria were cycles with at least eight oocytes and a sperm concentration of 5×106/mL. Sperm parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), fertilization, and the quality of cleavage-stage embryos on day 2 and blastocysts on day 5 were examined. Results: From 76 ICSI cycles, 1,196 metaphase II (MII) oocytes were retrieved, half of which were randomly allocated to either the PICSI (n=592) or ICSI (n=604) treatment group. The results showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of fertilization (72.80% vs. 75.33%, p=0.32), day 2 cleavage rate (95.13% vs. 96.04%, p=0.51), blastulation rate (52.68% vs. 57.89%), and high-quality blastocyst rate (26.10% vs. 31.13%, p=0.13). However, in cases where SDF was low, 59 cycles consisting of 913 MII oocytes produced a considerably higher blastulation rate with PICSI than with ICSI (50.49% vs. 35.65%, p=0.00). There were no significant differences between the pregnancy outcomes of the PICSI and ICSI embryo groups following embryo transfer. Conclusion Using variable sperm quality provided no benefit for PICSI versus ICSI in terms of embryo outcomes. When SDF is low, PICSI appears to be able to produce more blastocysts.

Antibiotic resistance is the most important factor leading to the failure of eradication regimens. This review focuses on the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori primary and secondary resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and multidrug in Vietnam. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Vietnamese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Vietnamese Biomedical databases from January 2000 to December 2016. The search terms included the following: H. pylori infection, antibiotic (including clarithromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and multidrug) resistance in Vietnam. The data were summarized in an extraction table and analyzed manually. Finally, Excel 2007 software was used to create charts. Ten studies (three studies in English and seven in Vietnamese) were included in this review. A total of 308, 412, 523, 408, 399, and 268 H. pylori strains were included in this review to evaluate the prevalence of H. pylori primary resistance to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and multidrug resistance, respectively. Overall, the primary resistance rates of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and multidrug resistance were 15.0%, 34.1%, 69.4%, 27.9%, 17.9% and 48.8%, respectively. Secondary resistance rates of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and multidrug resistance were 9.5%, 74.9%, 61.5%, 45.7%, 23.5% and 62.3%, respectively. In Vietnam, primary and secondary resistance to H. pylori is increasing over time and affects the effectiveness of H. pylori eradication.
Amoxicillin ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bismuth ; Clarithromycin ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Helicobacter pylori ; Helicobacter ; Humans ; Levofloxacin ; Metronidazole ; Prevalence ; Tetracycline ; Vietnam

The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is established as a causative agent of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and lowering plasma LDL-C levels represents the main approach to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Statins remain the cornerstone of drug therapy for dyslipidemia. Although moderate- to high- intensity statin therapy has demonstrated consistent benefits for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events, statin monotherapy is insufficient to achieve the guideline-recommended LDL-C levels for high- and very high-risk patients. Some patients cannot tolerate statins, especially when taking long-term high doses. Several non-statin drugs that have a complementary mechanism of action to statins are now available, including ezetimibe, monoclonal antibodies targeted to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9 mAb), and, more recently, inclisiran, bempedoic acid, and evinacumab. Considering the recommendations from guidelines by domestic and international cardiovascular associations, combining these drugs should be contemplated to attain treatment goals for patients.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the expression of cardiac marker protein in rabbit cardiac tissue that was exposed to ischemic preconditioning (IPC), or ischemiareperfusion injury (IR) using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). We compared 2DE gels of control (uninjured) cardiac tissue with those of IPC and IR cardiac tissue. Expression of one protein was detected in IR heart tissue, however the protein was not detected in the samples of control and IPC tissue. To further characterize the detected protein molecule, the protein in the 2D gel was isolated and subjected to trypsin digestion, followed by MALDI-MS. The protein was identified as myoglobin, which was confirmed also by Western blot analysis. These results are consistent with previous studies of cardiac markers in ischemic hearts, indicating myoglobin as a suitable marker of myocardial injury. In addition, the present use of multiple techniques indicates that proteomic analysis is an appropriate means to identify cardiac markers in studies of IPC and IR.
Blotting, Western ; Digestion ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional* ; Gels ; Heart ; Ischemia* ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Mass Spectrometry* ; Myoglobin ; Reperfusion Injury* ; Reperfusion* ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Trypsin

Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channels play a role in early and late ischemic preconditioning. Nevertheless, the subunit composition of mitoKATP channels remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the subunit composition of mitoKATP channels in mitochondria isolated from rat cardiac myocytes. Mitochondria were visualized using the red fluorescence probe, Mitrotracker Red, while mitoKATP channels were visualized using the green fluorescence probe, glibenclamide-BODIPY. The immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed the presence of Kir6.1, Kir6.2 and SUR2 present in the cardiac mitochondria. Western blot analysis was carried to further investigate the nature of mitoKATP channels. For SUR proteins, a 140-kDa immunoreactive band that corresponded to SUR2, but no SUR1 was detected. For Kir6.2, three bands (~4, ~6, and ~0 kDa) were detected, and a specific ~6-kDa immunoreactive band corresponding to Kir6.1 was also observed. These observations suggest that the subunits of mitoKATP channels in rat myocytes include Kir6.1, Kir6.2, and a SUR2-related sulfonylurea-binding protein.
Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; KATP Channels* ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Mitochondria ; Muscle Cells ; Myocytes, Cardiac* ; Potassium ; Rats*