Rotavirus is the leading causal agent of severe acute gastroenteritis in children aged <5 years. A specific pharmacologic agent for the treatment of rotavirus-infected children is lacking. In China, only the Luo Tewei oral vaccine (Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China), which is produced from Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine (LLR), is available. Studies have hypothesized that the genotype of LLR is G10P[12], To identify the genotype of LLR by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we showed that the VP7 and VP4 genotypes of LLR were G10 and P[15], respectively, based on sequencing, alignment and phylogenetic analyses. In conclusion, we identified the genotype of rotavirus strain LLR to be G10P[15].
China ; Genotype ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Rotavirus ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; virology ; Rotavirus Vaccines ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics

Rotavirus is the most important pathogen of severe diarrhea in infants and young children in the world. According to the World Health Organization, about 185 000 children die from rotavirus each year. The related deaths mainly occur in low-income countries in Asia and Africa. Rotavirus infections are common even in areas with better sanitary conditions, indicating that rotavirus has a high transmission capacity. At present, there is no specific treatment for rotavirus diarrhea, only symptomatic treatment is available. Therefore, safe and effective vaccines are of great significance in reducing the incidence and mortality of rotavirus diarrhea. The World Health Organization also recommends that oral rotavirus vaccines should be included in the immunization program of all countries. At present, China’s oral rotavirus vaccine LLR has been on the market in China since 2001. The vaccines available on the market in most countries are Rotarix (RV1) and Rotateq (RV5). The vaccine is useful for preventing diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection. The vaccination to prevent rotavirus disease is very cost-effective. This article reviews the current situation of rotavirus vaccines in order to provide a scientific evidences for the prevention and control of rotavirus.

Objective:To understand the epidemiological characteristics of group A rotavirus (RVA) infection in hospitalized children under 5 years of age with diarrhea in 2019, and to provide reference for the surveillance of RVA.Methods:Stool samples and clinical information of hospitalized children under 5 years of age with diarrhea were collected from sentinel hospitals in 20 provinces in 2019. RVA nucleic acid detection and genotyping were performed according to the rotavirus detection method in the National Viral Diarrhea Surveillance Program.Results:A total of 5 395 viral diarrhea samples were collected, 5 038 were tested, and 1 247 diarrhea samples showed RVA positive results (1 247/5 038, 24.75%). The positive rate of RVA in Fujian province was the lowest (30/319, 9.40%), and the positive rate of RVA was the highest in Henan province (182/338, 53.85%). The positive rate of RVA in male and female children was 25.24%(762/3 019)and 24.02%(485/ 2 019), respectively. There was no significant gender distribution of RVA infection ( χ2 = 0.96, P=0.326). Children aged 12 to 17 months were mainly susceptible to RVA (342/1 033, 33.11%), and the positive rate of RVA in children aged 48 to 59 months was lower (35/227, 15.42%). RVA infection showed significant age distribution characteristics ( χ2 = 86.78, P<0.001). RVA infection had significant difference between urban and rural areas ( χ2 = 20.92, P<0.001) and seasonal characteristics ( χ2 =411.42, P<0.001). RVA genotyping showed that G9P[8] type (994/1 122, 88.59%) was the dominant epidemic strain. Conclusions:In 2019, the main genotype of RVA infection in hospitalized children under 5 years of age with diarrhea was G9P[8], and RVA infection had significant age, region and season characteristics.

Objective:To analyze the evolutionary characteristics of the approximate whole genome of rotavirus G2P[4] type 2020BJ strain.Methods:The rotavirus genome was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the amplified products were sequenced, and the sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis and homology analysis.Results:The approximate full-length 11 segments of human rotavirus G2P[4] type 2020BJ strain were obtained. Sequence analysis showed that the strain was G2-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 genotype (DS-1-Like); evolutionary analysis shows that it is closely related to strains in Japan, India, Bangladesh, Italy and other countries; there are differences in the amino acids of antigenic epitopes between the closely related strains.Conclusions:There are differences in the amino acids of the epitopes of VP7 and VP4 of the five G2P[4] rotavirus strains that are closely related to 2020BJ, which may lead to different epidemic characteristics, and rotavirus surveillance should be strengthened.

Objective:To explore the protective effect and safety of RotaTeq vaccine on children with rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in high mortality areas in the world and guide the correct use of RotaTeq vaccine.Methods:The literature on RotaTeq vaccine in high mortality areas in the world published from February 2006 to December 2021 was searched, screened and sorted out according to the exclusion and inclusion criteria, and the data were analyzed by RevMan 5.3, Stata 14.0 and SPSS 26.0 softwares.Results:A total of 5 reports were enrolled, including 63 974 subjects, including 32 092 subjects in the vaccine group and 31 882 subjects in the placebo group. In high mortality areas, the protection rates of RotaTeq vaccine against RVGE, severe rotavirus gastroenteritis (SRVGE) and very severe rotavirus gastroenteritis (VSRVGE) were VE RVGE=35% (95% CI: 28%-41%), VE SRVGE=51% (95% CI: 33%-65%) and VE VSRVGE=64% (95% CI: 41%-78%). The protection rates of SRVGE in Asia and Africa are VE SRVGE=43% (95% CI: 28%-55%) and VE SRVGE=57% (95% CI: 17%-77%), respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidences of serious adverse events (SAEs) between RotaTeq vaccine group and placebo group ( χ2=2.05, P=0.152). Conclusions:RotaTeq vaccine has a certain protective effect on severe and above RVGE with good safety in high mortality areas in the world.

Objective:To study the binding characteristics of horse-derived P[12] rotavirus GST-VP8*-Horse P[12]E403 protein to oligosaccharides and saliva receptors, provides an important scientific basis for the cross-species transmission and the mechanism of interaction between the bodies.Methods:The E. coli expression system was used to express and purify the horse-derived P[12] rotavirus GST-VP8*-Horse P[12]E403 protein. The receptor binding characteristics of this genotype were analyzed by saliva and oligosaccharide binding experiments. Results:Horse-derived GST-VP8*-Horse P[12]E403 protein binds well with mucin core 2 sugar, but does not bind to other oligosaccharides such as A, B, Lewis, and HBGAs in saliva.Conclusions:The potential receptor of VP8*-Horse P[12]E403 protein may be mucin core 2, and it did not bind to human saliva.

Objective:A recombinant adenoviral vector vaccine based on non-replicating human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), encoding the conserved domain of respiratory syncytial virus G protein (RSV-G) was constructed. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this vaccine were subsequently evaluated in mice.Methods:The recombinant Ad5 vector plasmid (Ad5-Gbcc-Gacc) was constructed by inserted conserved domains of RSV A and RSV B. The recombinant adenovirus Ad5-Gbcc-Gacc was rescued in HEK293A cells. The genome of virus Ad5-Gbcc-Gacc was identified by multi-enzyme digestion, and the expression of Ad5-Gbcc-Gacc was verified by Western blot. Recombinant adenovirus was used to immunize BALB/c mice via intramuscular injection with signal dose, and then challenged with RSV Long strain at week 6. The levels of G specific IgG and antibody subtypes in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the level of neutralizing antibodies was determined by micro-neutralization assay. After challenge, the mice′s weight was recorded daily, the copies of RSV virus in the lung and nasal tissues were detected. Pathological changes in lung tissue were also examined.Results:Western blot and multi-enzyme digestion identification confirmed the successful rescue of the recombinant adenovirus. Ad5-Gbcc-Gacc elicit high titers of specific IgG, robust neutralizing antibodies, and a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response in mice. In comparison to unimmunized controls, mice immunized with Ad5-Gbcc-Gacc reduced the viral copies in both lung and nasal tissue, and exhibited only minimal pathological damage of lung tissue following RSV challenge. In conclusion, Ad5-Gbcc-Gacc induced robust immunogenicity and offers protective effects against RSV infection in murine models.Conclusions:Ad5-Gbcc-Gacc induce robust immunogenicity and can protect mice from RSV challenge, which lays a foundation for further development of RSV vaccine based on G protein.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of G2P[4] group A rotavirus (RVA) in hospitalized children with diarrhea in China from 2016 to 2019, and to provide data support for the prevention and control of G2P[4] RVA.Methods:The data of viral diarrhea surveillance network in China from January 2016 to December 2019 were collected. A total of 19 667 specimens of hospitalized children with diarrhea under 5 years old were collected from all monitoring provinces, including 5 437 RVA positive specimens. EpiData 3.0 software and Excel 2010 were used for data collection and collation of viral diarrhea monitoring network, and SPSS 26.0 software was used for data analysis.Results:200 G2P[4] RVA specimens were detected from 5 437 RVA positive specimens, and the constituent rate of G2P[4] RVA was 3.68% (200/5 437) There is a statistically significant difference in the constituent ratio of G2P [4] RVA among RVA positive children in different years ( χ2=38.35, P<0.001), months ( χ2=62.69, P<0.001), and ages ( χ2=9.53, P=0.049). There is a statistically significant difference in the constituent ratio of G2P [4] RVA between rural and urban RVA positive children ( χ2=4.01, P=0.045). Compared with non-G2P[4] RVA hospitalized children, G2P[4] RVA hospitalized children had less proportion of respiratory tract infection ( χ2=6.07, P=0.014), G2P[4] RVA hospitalized children had higher proportion of fever ( χ2=6.68, P=0.010), there was no significant differences in diarrhea ( χ2=0.88, P=0.643), vomiting ( χ2=0.23, P=0.629), extraintestinal neurological symptoms ( χ2=0.18, P=0.668), and no significant difference in rash, sepsis and other complications ( χ2=0.45, P=0.504). Conclusions:The epidemic trend of G2P[4] RVA in China gradually decreased from 2016 to 2019, and the autumn and winter were G2P[4] RVA seasonal peaks. And the peak age was 24-36 months. There were a higher infection risk in rural areas, and fever was more than other genotypes.

Objective: To analyze the infection status and pathogenic characteristics of rotavirus in group A of children under 5 years of age in Lanzhou city in 2017, and provide scientific data for prevention and control of rotavirus infection. Methods: A total of 219 stool samples from children with diarrhea under the age of 5 years in the Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Lanzhou University from January to December in 2017 were collected. A group of human rotavirus positive samples were detected by ELISA, and G/P typing was detected by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)) combined with sequencing. Some of the VP7 gene fragments were amplified, sequenced and analyzed for phylogenetic characteristics. Results: A total of 113 rotavirus in group A positive samples were detected, with a total positive rate of 51.60%. The main target of infection was children 0 to 17 months, and the peak of the epidemic was mainly in November. G/P genotyping was performed: G9 was predominant G genotype (90.27%), followed by G2 (7.08%). P[8] was predominant P genotype (91.15%), followed by P [4] (7.96%). In 2017, the group A human rotavirus epidemic strain was mainly G9P[8](88.50%). Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis of VP7 gene fragments showed that the dominant genotypes G9 had higher homology with isotype reference strains in other regions of China. Conclusions Children 0 to 17 months old in Lanzhou city are at high risk of group A human rotavirus infection. G9P[8] is a dominant genotype.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a malignant hematologic tumor, which is currently difficult to cure. The theory of Xuanfu was proposed by Liu Wansu, which is unique in the clinical evidence of Chinese medicine and is less frequently applied to hematological diseases. The application of Xuanfu theory in myelodysplastic syndrome provides new ideas for the treatment of the disease. The abnormal flow of Qi, blood and fluids caused by the occlusion of the Xuanfu is the cause of toxic stasis obstruction, which is the pathogenesis of toxic stasis obstruction. Thus, the method of dispersion of Bone from Xuanfu, the external treatment of Xuanfu, and regulation of liver qi and Xuanfu help to return to normal of opening and closing function of Xuanfu, and release toxic stasis. In this paper, we analyzed the evidence of toxin-stasis obstruction in myelodysplastic syndrome from the theory of Xuanfu, aiming to provide a feasible theoretical basis for clinical treatment of the disease.