Group A rotaviruses (RVs) are major pathogens associated with acute gastroenteritis in young children and animals worldwide. VP4 is responsible for interaction with the host and viral attachment. Recent study showed that the distal portion of rotavirus (RV) VP4 spike protein (VP8*) is implicated in binding to human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which is new cellular receptors on rotavirus, Published in Nature and Journal of Virology in 2012. The paper describes advances in correlation between rotaivrus and HBGAs, summarizes the main achievements has gotten, Clarify the significance of study on Rotaivrus and HBGAs.
Animals ; Blood Group Antigens ; genetics ; immunology ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Rotavirus ; immunology ; physiology ; Rotavirus Infections ; blood

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for rational use of analgesic drugs for advanced cancer,moderate to severe pain. METHODS:The data of narcotic drugs and first type psychotropic drugs were collected from hospital information system of a third grade class A hospital during 2012-2014,and then analyzed in respects of amount,consumption sum and DDDs,etc. RE-SULTS:The amount of narcotic drugs and first type psychotropic drugs kept stable basically,and the consumption sum of them during 2012-2014 was 1 566 289.92 yuan,1 525 220.23 yuan and 1 531 277.44 yuan. The consumption sum of Morphine hydrochlo-ride tablet increased the fastest,increasing by 89.78% in 2013 and 142.81% in 2014,compared with the year before;those of other drugs had negative growth rate. DDDs of Morphine hydrochloride sustained-release tablets were the highest among all the narcotics and first type psychotropic drugs and increased year by year,increasing from 26 848.00 in 2012 to 47 158.00 in 2014. CONCLU-SIONS:The use of narcotic drugs and first type psychotropic drugs conform to the specifications,but they still need strict supervi-sion to promote safe and effective use of them in the clinic.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment of ceftizoxime-induced hemolytic anemia by investigating the situation of ceftizoxime-induced hemolytic anemia. METHODS:Using Chinese and English“ceftizoxime”“he-molysis”and other words as key words,related literatures during 1986-2015 were retrieved from CNKI,Wanfang database and PubMed database. Those literatures were analyzed statistically in respects of general information,clinical drug use and manifesta-tion,occurrence time and outcome,etc. The mechanisms of hemolytic anemia were analyzed to put forward prevention and treat-ment measures. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:A total of 11 literatures were retrieved,including 4 foreign literatures and 7 domes-tic ones. There were 15 cases in total,including 5 foreign cases and 10 domestic cases. According to the patient’s age,there were 7 cases of infants,4 cases of the elderly,3 cases of middle-aged people and 1 case of youth. The hemolytic anemia often occurred on the 2-7 day(8 cases). Most of the patients were improved after treatment,but there were 3 patients who died. The mechanism of hemolytic anemia mainly included the production of immune complex and non-immunologic protein adsorption. It is suggested to investigate allergic reaction history,pay attention to sensitization test on skin,select suitable drug dosage and avoid drug combina-tion. The patient’s medications should be monitored closely. Once hemolytic anemia occurs,it should be immediately stop using the drug and take appropriate measures as hormone treatment,comprehensive treatment,blood transfusion treatment,to avoid en-dangering the life safety of patients.

We studied the epidemiological characteristics of human bocavirus 4 (HBoV4) in children with a- cute gastroenteritis in Lanzhou (China). A total of 331 stool specimens were collected from children aged < 5 years with acute diarrhea at the First Hospital of Lanzhou University between July 2012 and June 2013. Specimens of HBoV were identified by nested polymerase chain reaction assays. Compared with related sequences in GenBank, the HBoV-positive strain isolated in the present study was,quite surprisingly, a rare genotype named HBoV4. This strain was a typical HBoV4,with high levels of nucleotide and amino acid homology to the Thailand strain, JQ267789 (98.9% and 98.7%, respectively), and the USA strain, GQ506568 (97.6% and 97.4%, respectively). This is the first report of HBoV4 as the causative agent for acute gastroenteritis in pediatric patients in China. This strain is one of two genotypes of HBoV that are currently circulating.
Child, Preschool ; China ; Feces ; virology ; Female ; Gastroenteritis ; virology ; Human bocavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Parvoviridae Infections ; virology ; Phylogeny

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major agent of hand, foot and mouth disease that can cause a severe burden of disease to children. To identify an effective method for the control and prevention of EV71, we studied the effect of exposure to heat and ultraviolet (UV) light upon EV71 inactivation. We found that exposure to 50 degrees C could not inactivate the infectivity of EV71. However, exposure to 60 degrees C and 70 degrees C could inactivate EV71 effectively. EV71 could be inactivated after exposure to UV light at a distance between the sample and a lamp of 30 cm for 30 min or 60 min because viral genomic RNA was destroyed. However, fetal bovine serum (FBS) could attenuate the inactivation proffered by heat and UV light. Attenuation effects of FBS were correlated positively with FBS concentration. Hence, EV71 can be inactivated by exposure to heat and UV light, and our results could provide guidance on prevention of the spread of EV71.
Disinfection ; instrumentation ; methods ; Enterovirus A, Human ; genetics ; physiology ; radiation effects ; Enterovirus Infections ; virology ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Virus Inactivation ; radiation effects

Objective To study the main genes molecular characteristics and evolutionary relationship of porcine and human group A rotavirus (GARV) type G9 in Hebei Lulong region.Methods A stool specimen from diarrhea piglet marked as LLP48 in 2008 in Hebei Lulong region,which was G9 GARV positive and 4 stool specimens collected from hospitalized children with diarrhea under the age of five from 2009 to 2011 in Lulong region which were type G9 GARV positive were selected and the main genes were amplified by RT-PCR.After sequencing,the obtained genes were analyzed through MEGA,DNAStar software and other biological sequence alignment,homology and phylogenetic analyses were performed.Results Porcine GARV LLP48 in Lulong region and four strains of Lulong human GARV were highly homologous in VP7,VP6,NSP4 and NSP2 gene fragments,and nucleotide and amino acid homology respectively was 89.4％-94％ and 94.8％-98.2％ ; VP4 fragment of the nucleotide homology (amino acid) is low,71.4％-71.6％ (68.2％-69.0％).Phylogenetic analysis showed that LLP48 genes encoding VP7,VP6,NSP4 and NSP2 were closely related to the strain derived from human source,and VP4 gene closely related to the strains derived from porcine source.Conclusion Lulong porcine GARV LLP48 strain may be a natural reassorted product of porcine VP4 and human VP7,VP6,NSP4 and NSP2.

Rotavirus is the leading causal agent of severe acute gastroenteritis in children aged <5 years. A specific pharmacologic agent for the treatment of rotavirus-infected children is lacking. In China, only the Luo Tewei oral vaccine (Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China), which is produced from Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine (LLR), is available. Studies have hypothesized that the genotype of LLR is G10P[12], To identify the genotype of LLR by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we showed that the VP7 and VP4 genotypes of LLR were G10 and P[15], respectively, based on sequencing, alignment and phylogenetic analyses. In conclusion, we identified the genotype of rotavirus strain LLR to be G10P[15].
China ; Genotype ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Rotavirus ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; virology ; Rotavirus Vaccines ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics

Rotavirus is the most important pathogen of severe diarrhea in infants and young children in the world. According to the World Health Organization, about 185 000 children die from rotavirus each year. The related deaths mainly occur in low-income countries in Asia and Africa. Rotavirus infections are common even in areas with better sanitary conditions, indicating that rotavirus has a high transmission capacity. At present, there is no specific treatment for rotavirus diarrhea, only symptomatic treatment is available. Therefore, safe and effective vaccines are of great significance in reducing the incidence and mortality of rotavirus diarrhea. The World Health Organization also recommends that oral rotavirus vaccines should be included in the immunization program of all countries. At present, China’s oral rotavirus vaccine LLR has been on the market in China since 2001. The vaccines available on the market in most countries are Rotarix (RV1) and Rotateq (RV5). The vaccine is useful for preventing diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection. The vaccination to prevent rotavirus disease is very cost-effective. This article reviews the current situation of rotavirus vaccines in order to provide a scientific evidences for the prevention and control of rotavirus.

Objective:To analyze the genetic stability of two recombinant rotaviruses (rLLR/NSP3 NLuc) and (rLLR/NSP3 CoV2/RBD) that are inserted and express exogenous genes for continuous passage and proliferation on MA104 cells.Methods:After measuring the titers of two recombinant rotavirus strains, they were transferred to the P2 generation according to MOI0.01. Subsequently, the previous generation of virus lysate was diluted and activated at 1∶100, and MA104 cells were continuously infected for 18 generations (P20). The virus titers of the P1, P5, P10, P15, and P20 generation of cell lysate were measured using indirect immunofluorescence, and RT-PCR identification and dsRNA PAGE silver staining were performed. The luciferase activity of rLLR/NSP3-NLUc was also detected.Results:No inserted fragment loss was found in the recombinant rotavirus rLLR/NSP3 NLuc within 20 generations, with recombinant virus titers ranging from 3.85~5.16 × 10 6 FFU/ml, with strong luciferase signals in each generation. The recombinant rotavirus rLLR/NSP3 CoV2/RBD showed loss of inserted fragments in the 6th generation, with infectivity titers ranging from 2.6 to 3.36 in the first 5 generations of the recombinant virus × 10 6 FFU/ml. Conclusions:The recombinant rotavirus with 582 bp NLuc inserted at the end of the NSP3 gene has good genetic stability, while the recombinant rotavirus with 885 bp RBD inserted at the end of the NSP3 gene was only stable in the first 5 generations, indicating that foreign genes can be inserted at the end of the NSP3 gene of the recombinant rotavirus, and the insert can express, but its stability requires more in-depth research.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for developing zero-profit drug policy and compensation mechanism better in ur-ban public hospitals. METHODS:Taking a public hospital in a city as an example,effects of zero-profit drug policy on hospitals, patients,health insurance fund and single diseases with different drug proportions [cataract (2.94%) vs. chronic renal failure (38.77%)] were investigated by analyzing the canceled drug addition costs and adjusted medical service price data after developing zero-profit drug policy. RESULTS:After developing zero-profit drug policy,the overall compensation rate in the public hospital was 95.20%. The overall burden of urban patients was reduced,average burden cost was decreased 197.73 yuan every time;while the overall burden of urban and rural residents had increased,average burden cost was increased 17.39 yuan every time;and the overall burden of all patients had decreased. Health insurance fund had decreased,in which,the urban workers were decreased 151185500 yuan,and urban and rural residents were increased 4550400 yuan. In medical insurance for urban workers and health insurance for urban and rural residents,hospital increased by 7.00% and 8.99% in income in the treatment of cataract,the medical insurance fund increased by 12.07% and 13.67%,and patients'burden increased by 0.58% and 3.43%,respectively. For chronic renal failure,hospital income increased by 3.23% and 3.93%,medical insurance fund decreased by 3.19% and 3.96%,and pa-tients'burden decreased by 4.27% and 3.63%,respectively. CONCLUSIONS:Zero-profit drug policy is the ideal measure for get-ting rid of"drug-maintaining-medicine". When developing the policy,it should be combined with actual situation and different dis-eases to explore adjustment of medical service prices,reasonable financial compensation models and medical insurance payment mechanism.