Medicine is related to people's wellbeing,which is an eternal topic that all mankind concern.Studying on the process from the origin to the development of medicine can figure out the development rules of medicine,gain experience from it,and provide guidance for better development of medicine in the future.Medical anthropology is a new discipline which focuses on the study of disease and culture.From this special perspective,studying on the process from the origin to the development of medicine can help us to have a profound and comprehensive understanding of medicine.This paper reviewed the relevant concepts of medical anthropology and the research status and research characteristics of the origin and development of Chinese and Western Medicine,providing a reference for the colleagues.

Objective To compare the effect of different general anesthesia method on preoperation cognitive function in elderly patients.Methods According to the digital table,82 elderly patients(non cardiac surgical operation) were selected and divided into the two groups,each group 41 cases.The group A was given to sufentanil combined with propofol intravenous injection anesthesia,and the group B was given to sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia.The cognitive function of patients of two groups in preoperative,postoperative 3h,6h,24h were assessed by simple intelligence scale(MMSE),and the indicators of postoperative recovery were evaluated.Results The postoperative sleep time [(6.9 ± 1.2) min],language ability recovery time [(9.8 ± 2.2) min] in the group A were all higher than those of group B (t =6.687,5.640,all P ＜ 0.01).The MMSE scores in group A after 3h [(17.1 ± 2.2) points],6h [(19.6 ±2.7)points],24h[(22.4 ±2.3) points] were lower than those of group B(t =10.026,6.229,5.082,all P＜0.01).And the PCOD rate in group A after 24h was 36.6％,which was higher than 17.1％ in group B(x2 =3.98,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The inhalational anesthetic methods has more quickly postoperative recovery,lower incidence of cognitive dysfunction,better clinical effects.

Insertion of foreign genes into the genome map of Chinese herb always produces the intended beneficial effects, but also the unintended effects. Analysis of genomic function and metabolic end products based on the principle of substantial can reveal the influence on the quality of herbs, which is able to provide valuable refer-ence for the following evaluation on pharmacology and toxicology.

Objective To investigate the effect of dopaminergic neurons of midbrain ventral tegmental area(VTA) in general anesthesia.Methods Forty adult healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into lesion group (n=20) and control group (n=20).The lesion group was given the bilateral infusion of specific dopaminergic neuron injury agent 6-OHDA in midbrain lateral VTA,while the control group received the same volume of normal saline at the same areas.The time of loss of righting reflex (LORR)loss and recovery of righting reflex(RORR)at postoperative 2 week were observed in each group.Results Compared with the control group,the LORR time in the lesion group was shortened and the RORR time was significantly prolonged under propofol-induced anesthesia (P＜0.05).However,the LORR time under the isoflurane anesthesia had no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05),while the RORR time in the lesion group was increased(P＜0.05).Conclusion Dopaminergic neurons in midbrain VTA might play different roles in the induction and recovery of different general anesthetics.

Objective To investigate the status of self-care ability and cognition among disabled elderly,and to analyze the relationship between self-care ability and cognition,then analyze their influencing factors.Methods A total of 813 disabled elderly accepted long-term care at community or facility were recruited by stratified sampling method and investigated by socio-demographic questionnaire,activities of daily living and short portable mental status questionnaire.Results The total scores of self-care ability of the long-term care disabled was 32.01±11.59,and the total points of cognition was 3.77±3.24.Disabled elderly with severe disorders of self-care ability had a higher obstacle rate in every cognition ability than those with mild disabilities (P＜0.001).There were differences in orientation and memory function with different persistent disabled time (x2 =11.875,14.758,P＜0.01).Disabled elderly with cognition obstacles have a higher obstacle rate in every self-care aspect than those with normal cognition (P＜0.01).The multiple regression analysis showed that the educational level (β=-0.067),arital status (β=-0.071),disabled persistence time (β=0.121),orientation ability (β=0.403),the amount of cognition obstacles (β=0.443) were the influence factors of Basic Activities of Daily Living(BADL) among disabled elderly ; and disabled persistence time (β=0.116),orientation ability (β=0.417),recalled ability (β=0.275),memorial ability (β=0.189),calculative ability (β=0.257),the amount of cognition obstacles (β=0.358) were the important factors influence Instrumental Activities of Daily Living(IADL).Conclusion The self-care ability and cognition of the long-term care elderly were declining sharply,and influencing each other.It is advisable to offer them direct long-term care service combined with the laws and characteristics of cognition and self-care ability.

BACKGROUND:At present, the copper-bearing intrauterine device, a kind of class III medical devices, is
commonly used in China. However, there is no clear conclusion about whether it has impact on the embryo or
fetus in some cases, such as unexpected pregnancy during long-term implantation and pregnancy in a short time after removing it.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety of copper-bearing intrauterine device by observing the influence of
copper-bearing intrauterine device extracts on pregnant rats and rat fetuses by tail vein injection in the sensitive period of teratogenesis.
METHODS: A total of 60 fertilized rats were divided into control group, high dosage group, middle dosage group, and low dosage group. The copper-bearing intrauterine device extracts were prepared by the continuous
extraction method. Different concentrations (0.2, 0.1, 0.05 g/mL) of copper-bearing intrauterine device extracts were injected by the tail vein at the 1st day of pregnancy in the latter three groups at a dosage of 0.01 mL/g per day. The control group was given the same amount of normal saline. The injection lasted for 20 days. Then, the pregnant rats were sacrificed to measure body mass, check both sides of the uterus and internal organs, isolate fetal rats, as wel as record the quality of uterus and fetal rats, corpus luteum, implantation numbers, the number of
stilbirths, then number of live births and the number of fetal absorption. The fetal rats were determined in the folowing aspects: body mass, body height, tail length, the ossification degree and appearance of the occipital bone, bone and visceral anomalies.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The number of births, implantation numbers, the number of live births, the number of
corpus luteum, the percentages of live births and stilbirths, the number of resorbed fetuses, and the weight of uterus and fetal rats in the control group showed no difference from those in the other three groups (P > 0.05). No malformation in the internal organs occurred. Compared with the control group, the high, middle and low dosage groups showed no
difference in the height, tail length, body mass, and ossification degree of the occipital bone of fetal rats (P > 0.05). No malformation in the appearance, skeleton and internal organs occurred in the fetal rats. These findings indicate that there were no maternal toxicity, abnormal embryonic growth or rat fetus anomalies after injecting copper-bearing intrauterine device extracts into pregnant rats in sensitive period of teratogenesis.

To construct the eukaryotic expression plasmid containing the p55 gene fragment of Pneumocystis and to investigate the efficient expression in COS-7 cells, the gene fragment conaining the whole length of p55 gene was used as template to amplify this fragment with PCR and the amplified fragment was then cloned to vector pGEM-T. After enzyme digestion, p55 gene was cloned to the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+) to construct the plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)-582. This plasmid was then transfected to the eukaryotic expression cells COS-7 and PCR and SDS-PAGE assays were used to confirm the presence of target protein in these cells. In these ways, the eukaryotic expression vector for the p55 gene of Pneumocystis of rats was successfully constructed and expressed in COS-7 cells, thus providing the basis for further studies on the nucleic acid vaccine.

Objective To observe the morphology of ethanol-wet dentin surfaces and detect their nano-scale adhesion force (Fad) by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in order to explore the potential mechanism of ethanol-wet bonding in improving clinical dentin bonding effectiveness.Methods Dentin slices from human premolar roots were prepared into flat ones, polished, and then randomly divided into five groups.All the specimens were acid-etched, rinsed, and left moist.They were then treated with 100％ ethanol for 0s (control group), 20s, 60s, 3×60s, or stepwise ethanol application.Afterwards, each group was scanned for the morphology in air and the Fad was probed by AFM.One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey`s test was employed for multiple comparisons using SPSS16.0.Results Compared with control group, ethanol-wet dentine produced a less undulating and relatively smooth surface topography.Ethanol-wet protocol significantly decreased the value of Fad in the experimental groups (P<0.001), in which 3×60s and stepwise ethanol application groups showed the lowest Fad.No difference was found between these two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion When using AFM in air, ethanol-wet protocol with longer time can produce a less undulating and relatively smooth surface topography and decrease the Fad, whichindicates that the water saturated in dentin matrix was replaced more thoroughly by longer ethanol application time.This will benefit hydrophobicity of the dentin bonding interface.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of the transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) at different sites including the chest (covered and uncovered),forehead and scapula,compared with total serum bilirubin (TSB) before and after phototherapy.Method Neonates who underwent blood test of TSB together with the average TcB at chest over 6 mg/dl from September 2015 to July 2016 in our Hospital were enrolled in our study.TcB measurements were done by the transcutaneous bilirubinometer (JH20-1 C) at the sites of the chest,forehead and scapula within 30 minutes after venous or arterious blood sampling for testing TSB after admission.An area of 2 cm diameter over the left chest was covered during phototherpy.TSB was tested immediately and within 12 ～ 24 hours after phototherapy,while TcB was measured within 0.5 hour after blood sampling at the covered sites over the left chest,right chest,forehead and scapula.IBM SPSS 20.0 software was used for data analysis.Data were compared via Pearson correlation analysis,ANOVA of repeated measurement data,student's t test and Bland-Altman analysis.Result A total of 437 data were collected from 364 neonates were enrolled in our study.Before phototherapy,the values of TcB at different sites were highly correlated and consistent with TSB (P ＜ 0.05),especially taken from the chest (the difference value of TcB and TSB-1.2 ± 2.3 mg/dl).Immediately and within 12 ～ 24 hours after the phototherapy,the values of TSB and TcB taken from the covered left chest showed the highest consistency (-1.2±2.3 mg/dl and-0.5 ± 1.6 mg/dl).When TSB exceeded 15 mg/dl before phototherapy,the difference between TSB and TcB taken from chest was 1.5 ± 1.6 mg/dl,while if TSB was below 15 mg/dl,the difference was-1.9 ± 1.9 mg/dl.They were significantly different (P ＜ 0.001).And difference between TSB and TcB taken from chest was not affected by gender gestational age,birth weight,days of birth and different measurements.When TcB taken from the covered or uncovered chest was less than the TSB threshold value of 3.3 mg/dl for phototherapyl,or the TcB of the left covered sternum lower than the threshold value of 2.6 mg/ml for cessation of phototherapy,97.5％ of the TSB would not exceed the corresponding value.Conclusion The TcB values of both uncovered chest before phototherapy and covered chest after phototherapy were highly consistent with TSB,and could be applied in the replacement of TSB in the assessment and management of neonatal jaundice.

Objective To understand the present condition of preclinical dental undergraduate in-terns' AIDS-related knowledge. Methods The questionnaire was designed referring to domestic and foreign relevant questionnaires. The cluster sampling method was used to conduct the questionnaire survey among the undergraduates who started their clinical internship in July 2016 in three domestic colleges, using SPSS 14.0 statistical software to analyze it. Results In this survey, 144 questionnaires were distributed, and 144 ones were filled out and sent back. The survey results suggested that 97.22％ (140) of interns held a posi-tive attitude towards aiding HIV-infected patients despite that 96.53％ (139) of interns knew that dental medical staff was considered to be highly susceptible with HIV. In spite of the fact that most interns knew AIDS-related knowledge and protection measures, 40.28％ (58) of interns were not clear about incubation period of AIDS, and the average awareness of children's AIDS and methods to disinfect HIV-infected dental instruments was less than half in the interns. Meanwhile it was found that 86.81％ (125) of interns didn't perform well in terms of complying with the principles of confidentiality in AIDS prevention and treatment. Conclusion Dental clinical interns' attitudes towards AIDS-infected patients should be praised. Further-more, they should accept education about infection control to have a deeper understanding about AIDS-related clinical manifestations and legal knowledge in order to reduce the probability of nosocomial infec-tion of AIDS.