Objective:To explore the directed forgetting ability of elder people to disease/death-related words under the conditions of the neutral and negative emotion.Methods:Thirty-six elder people and thirty-seven young people were included in this study.The directed forgetting effects to disease/death-related words were compared by using item-method directed forgetting paradigm under the neutral and negative emotional conditions.Results:Under the neutral and negative emotion conditions,higher recognition of to-be-remembered (TBR) than to-be-forgotten (TBF) words in elder group and younger group (Ps ＜ 0.05).The elder group showed the weaker effect of directed forgetting than younger group[neutral emotion:(0.4 ± 0.1) vs.(0.6 ± 0.1);negative emotion:(0.3 ± 0.1) vs.(0.7 ± 0.04),Ps ＜ 0.05].Under the negative emotion condition,elder people showed stronger effect of directed forgetting for sensitive words compared with control words[(0.4 ± 0.1) vs.(0.1 ± 0.1),P ＜ 0.001].Conclusion:The results suggest that the directed forgetting ability of elderly is weaker than that of young individuals,the ability of non-sensitive words than that with sensitive words,and the directed forgetting effect of elder people tonon-sensitive words in negative emotion is weaker than that in neutral emotion.

Objective To study the natural history of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) progress to dementia and to evaluate the efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) donepezil on MCI.Methods Ninty-eight patients with MCI including amnestic MCI and non-amnestic MCI were retrospectively analyzed. The patients with donepezil or not were separately divided to two groups while they were matched by sex, age,degree of MCI and possession of the ApoE?4 allele.The rate of conversion from MCI to dementia, measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE),Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale- Cognitive section(ADAS-Cog) and Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R),was compared between the two groups.Results In aMCI group,the rate of conversion dropped by 15.1% and 8.3% (P0.05).Conclusion Donepezil could postpone the conversion of MCI to dementia.

Objective To investigate platelet-derived growth factor ( PDGF ) protection on blood flow and mitochondrial function of hemorrhagic shock rats. Methods Ninety-six SD rats were randomly divided into six groups including shock group, lactated ringer's solution (LR) resuscitation group,PDGF treatment groups(1,3. 5,7,15μg/kg). Laster-Doppler and oxygen concentration determination method were applied to observe the protective effect of PDGF treatment on animal survival,blood flow and mitochondrial function in liver and kidney. Re-sults As compared with LR resuscitation group,PDGF treatment increased animal survival rate and also improved blood fiow of liver and kindy,mitochondrial respiration control ration(RCR),of which the group with 3. 5μg/kg had the best result. Conclusion This finding sug-gests that PDGF may be a potential agent to treat acute critical such as hemorrhagic shock.

Objective To explore the specific ultrasonic manifestation features of intracranial foreign bodies after firearm injury,and to evaluate the value of ultrasonography in detecting intracranial foreign bodies.Methods ① The specific ultrasonic manifestation features of intracranial foreign bodies were summarized by making ultrasonic scanning over known foreign bodies of different types inserted before hand in around the injury tracts.②With the summary,ultrasonic scanning was made to the foreign bodies with unknown size and types,the result was confirmed with the fetched-out foreign bodies,and the coincidence of ultrasonography in scanning the intracranial foreign bodies after firearm injury was evaluated.Results Ultrasonography could distinguish intracranial foreign bodies from brain parenchyma,intraeranial foreign bodies of different types had different ultrasonic manifestation features.The size and the materials of the foreign bodies had certain affection on the result of ultrasonic scanning.The accuracy of qualitative judgement in scanning the intracranial foreign bodies was 71.52％,and the accuracy in scanning the foreign bodies with diameter ＞ 0.5 cm was higher than that with the diameter ＜ 0.5 cm.The coincidence in qualitative judgement of the foreign bodies of different materials ranged as follows:bullet (97 ％ )＞ steel ball (81.13％),bone pieces (78％) and glasses (72％) ＞gauze (54.67％) and wood pieces (54.67％).Conclusions The intracranial foreign bodies of different materials have specific ultrasonic manifestation features and ultrasonography can scan out their locations.The coincidence of qualitative judgement in scanning the bodies with diameter over 0.5 cm is high.Ultrasonography may be of important significance in guiding the fetch-out of intracranial foreign bodies on the spot and in raising the rescuing level of firearm injury.

Objective To investigate the expression and the possible clinical significance of serum Golgi protein(GP73)in infantile hepatitis syndrome(IHS)by different causes.Methods Totally 79 patients with IHS in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from February 2012 to December 2012 were enrolled in this study,including 15 cases with biliary atresia(BA)group,29 cases with infection(infection group),5 cases with neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency(NICCD group),and 30 cases with unknown etiology(idiopathic infantile hepatitis group).At the same time,30 healthy infants were enrolled as healthy control group.The serum levels of GP73 were determined by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and the children's liver function[alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),total bilirubin(TBIL),direct bilirubin(DBIL),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),γ-glutamyl trans-peptidase(γ-GT),total bile acid(TBA)and albumin(ALB)] were measured by turbidimetric inhibition immuno assay.Then,the corresponding data were statistically analyzed.Results Serum GP73 in BA group,infection group,NICCD group,idiopathic infantile hepatitis group and the healthy control group were(296.6±67.5)μg/L,(185.1±66.4)μg/L,(199.2±87.1)μg/L,(181.7±74.2)μg/L and(65.3±17.0)μg/L,respectively.Serum γ-GT levels in BA group,infection group,NICCD group,idiopathic infantile hepatitis group and healthy control group were(764.7±775.8)U/L,(448.2±352.7)U/L,(239.4±88.7)U/L,(283.3±377.2)U/L and(54.0±72.6)U/L,respectively.The levels of GP73 and γ-GT were significantly higher in infants with IHS,and the levels of GP73 and γ-GT in infants with BA were the highest(F=46.775,9.238,all P<0.05).There was a positive correlation between serum levels of GP73 and γ-GT(r=0.280,P<0.05),and there was no correlation between GP73 and ALT,AST,TBIL,DBIL,ALP,TBA,ALB(r=-0.061,-0.071,0.164,0.123,0.137,0.008,-0.047,respectively,all P>0.05).The receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC)constructed with GP73 showed a sensitivity of 80.0％and specificity of 82.8％with an area under the receiver(AUC)of 0.872 for diagnosis of BA,comparatively,a sensitivity of 66.7％and specificity of 71.9％were showed with a AUC of 0.731 when performed with γ-GT.Conclusions Serum GP73 concentration significantly increased in all liver disease groups,regardless of the etiology.Serum GP73 expression is significantly higher in infants with BA.Serum GP73 shows a superior sensitivity and specificity to γ-GT for diagnosis of BA,which might be useful for early diagnosis of BA and IHS with different causes.

Objective To observe the effect of cognitive training combined with swallowing training real-time electrical stimulation on dysphagia and cognitive impairment after stroke. Methods 40 patients with dysphagia and cognitive impairment after stroke were randomly divided into observation group (n=20) and control group (n=20). The observation group accepted swallowing training (including routine vocal training and swallowing training real-time electrical stimulation) and cognitive training. The control group accepted routine vocal training and neuromuscular electrical stimulation. The cognitive function and swallowing function were accessed with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Video Fluoroscopy Swallowing Study (VFSS) respectively before and 1 month after stroke. Results After treatment, the MMSE scores and the time for a bolus to pass the pharynx improved in both groups (P<0.05), and the observation group was superior to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Cognitive training combined with swallowing training real-time electrical stimulation can promote the recovery of swallowing function of patients with dysphagia and cognitive impairment after stroke.

OBJECTIVETo facilitate early recognition of ominous clinical manifestations, to understand pathophysiology and assess treatment effects in patients with severe enterovirus 71 (EV71) associated hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD).

METHODA retrospective analysis was performed based on the clinical records, laboratory data and treatment effects which were collected from twelve severe EV71 infected cases from nine hospitals in 2008, in Hubei province, China.

RESULTOf the 12 severe cases, ten (83.3%) were male and two female. The median age was 1.96 yrs (8 m to 7 yrs). The mean hyperthermic duration was 6 days with the peak temperature over 38.5 degrees C, and mean rash duration was 7 days. Fever and rash emerged simultaneously in 4 of 5 cases with cardiopulmonary failure. The severe complications included encephalitis (10 cases), pulmonary edema or hemorrhage (5 cases). Eleven cases were checked with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and four cases showed characteristics of encephalitis or meningitis, two with images of naso sinusitis and ethmoid-mastoid inflammation. Chest X-ray examination showed with pulmonary edema on single or both sides (5 cases), bronchitis (4 cases), and normal image (3 cases). There was no specific finding in the cardiac ultrasound and electrocardiogram in any of the patients, as well as the white blood cell count, blood glucose, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time and D-dimer. Cerebrospinal fluid showed aseptic meningitis with the increase of cell count in 7 cases. All patients were treated with antibiotics and/or antivirals, such as cephalosporins, ribavirin etc. Eleven patients were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (total dose 2 - 4.5 g/kg) for 2 - 5 days, and the highest blood concentration of immunoglobulin was detected increasing at 7 g/L. Seven cases were also treated with methylprednisolone 10 - 30 mg/(kg x d), four with dopamine, dobutamine, or digitalis. In addition, by using continuous positive airway pressure by nasal catheter and maintenance of circulation in the cases with cardiopulmonary failure could not relieve the symptoms of dyspnoea, and mechanical ventilation was required to maintain for a mean of 72 hrs (24 - 96 hrs). Except one case died of pulmonary edema in the early stage, others were cured without sequelae.

CONCLUSIONSevere EV71 infection is more common in children younger than 3 years old, in which the profound complications include encephalitis and pulmonary edema. The mechanical ventilation should be critically urged for child with complicating cardiopulmonary failure as soon.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Enterovirus A, Human ; classification ; Enterovirus Infections ; diagnosis ; therapy ; virology ; Female ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; diagnosis ; therapy ; virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUNDAmide proton transfer (APT) imaging has recently emerged as an important contrast mechanism for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the field of molecular and cellular imaging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of APT imaging to detect cerebral abnormality in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) at 3.0 Tesla.

METHODSTwenty AD patients (9 men and 11 women; age range, 67-83 years) and 20 age-matched normal controls (11 men and 9 women; age range, 63-82 years) underwent APT and traditional MRI examination on a 3.0 Tesla MRI system. The magnetic resonance ratio asymmetry (MTR asym ) values at 3.5 ppm of bilateral hippocampi (Hc), temporal white matter regions, occipital white matter regions, and cerebral peduncles were measured on oblique axial APT images. MTR asym (3.5 ppm) values of the cerebral structures between AD patients and control subjects were compared with independent samples t-test. Controlling for age, partial correlation analysis was used to investigate the associations between mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and the various MRI measures among AD patients.

RESULTSCompared with normal controls, MTR asym (3.5 ppm) values of bilateral Hc were significantly increased in AD patients (right 1.24% ± 0.21% vs. 0.83% ± 0.19%, left 1.18% ± 0.18% vs. 0.80%± 0.17%, t = 3.039, 3.328, P = 0.004, 0.002, respectively). MTR asym (3.5 ppm) values of bilateral Hc were significantly negatively correlated with MMSE (right r = -0.559, P = 0.013; left r = -0.461, P = 0.047).

CONCLUSIONSIncreased MTR asym (3.5 ppm) values of bilateral Hc in AD patients and its strong correlations with MMSE suggest that APT imaging could potentially provide imaging biomarkers for the noninvasive molecular diagnosis of AD.

Aged ; Alzheimer Disease ; diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Male

Oral medicine and deep brain stimulation are two main treatments for Parkinson′s disease (PD). But their long-term efficacies are decreasing, which limit the choice of patients in advanced stage. As a special way of sensory intervention, rhythmic cueing can improve gait parameters, reduce freezing of gait severity and improve gait-related mobility by activating the motor pathway directly, repairing internal clock, promoting internal dopamine release and improving cognitive function to maintain gait stability. Rhythmic auditory and visual cueing has a potential in PD treatment.

BACKGROUND:In the research on acupuncture treatment for lumbar disc herniation,most acupuncture treatments are performed under CT guidance or without guidance.The precise control of the target site and the effective acupuncture location are not clear. OBJECTIVE:To observe the clinical effects of acupuncture at Jiaji points under ultrasonic guidance in treating lumbar disc herniation. METHODS:A total of 70 cases of lumbar disc herniation,36 males and 34 females aged 18-65 years old,were selected from Chinese PLA General Hospital and Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine.They were divided into trial group and control group by random number table method,with 35 cases in each group.The control group received acupuncture at Jiaji points.The trial group received acupuncture at Jiaji points under ultrasonic guidance.The patients were treated once on the day of treatment and 4,7 days after treatment.Visual analog scale score,Oswestry disability index,Japanese Orthopaedic Association score,and MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey(SF-36)were evaluated before and after treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with before treatment,the visual analog scale scores of both groups were decreased after treatment(P<0.01).Compared with the control group,the visual analog scale scores of the trial group were decreased on days 2,3,6,7 of treatment and 1,2 weeks after the end of treatment(P<0.05,P<0.01).(2)Compared with before treatment,Oswestry disability index after treatment was decreased in both groups(P<0.01).Compared with the control group,Oswestry disability index of the trial group was decreased from days 1 to 7 of treatment and 1,2 weeks after treatment(P<0.01).(3)Compared with before treatment,the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores of both groups were increased after treatment(P<0.01).Compared with the control group,the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores of the trial group were increased on days 3,7 of treatment and 1,2 weeks after treatment(P<0.05,P<0.01).(4)Compared with before treatment,SF-36 scores in both groups were increased after treatment(P<0.01).There was no significant difference in SF-36 scores between the two groups after treatment(P>0.05).(5)These results show that acupuncture at Jiaji points has curative effect on lumbar disc herniation,and ultrasonic guidance could improve the clinical curative effect of acupuncture at Jiaji points for lumbar disc herniation.