Human bocavirus (HBoV) 1-4 have been detected both in respiratory and stool samples since the first HBoV was discovered in 2005. HBoV-1 is mostly associated with respiratory infection, while HBoV 2-4 are usually associated with intestinal tract infection. A variety of signs and symptoms have been described in patients with HBoV infection, including cough, wheezing, pneumonia, and diarrhea, but the research on pathogenic mechanism of HBoV is limited because HBoV cannot be cultured in vitro due to the lack of appropriate host cells. Three-dimensional epithelial cell culture, reverse genetics, and viral metagenomics are identified as novel tools that may promote the research on pathogenic mechanism of HBoV and the discovery of new viruses. This review summaries currently available diagnostic approaches such as electron microscopy, cell culture, PCR, and immunoassay in order to provide a method reference for indepth research on HBoV.
Animals ; Human bocavirus ; genetics ; growth & development ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Humans ; Parvoviridae Infections ; diagnosis ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virology ; methods ; Virulence ; Virus Cultivation

Objective To explore the protective effects and the mechanisms of peritoneal dialysis (PD) on multiple organs induced by acute organophosphoms pesticide poisoning(AOPP)in order to get a scientific basis for the application of PD to treat AOPP patients. Method The model of AOPP rabbits was made by intragastric administration of 25 mg/kg(0.5LD50)40% omethoate, and the symptoms of poisoning such as myosis, salivating and muscular tremor were observed. Eighteen male Japanese rabbits were randomly divided into control group and peritoneal dialysis group (PD group). Pralidoxime chloride and atropine were given by intra-muscular injection to rabbits of control group (re = 9). Rabbits of PD group ( n = 9) had a tube inserted into peritoneal cavity and peritoneal dialysis was given for 10 times after administration of pralidoxim chloride and atropine. Serum TNF-α,CK-MB (M.B. isoerizyme of creatine kinase), ALT, creatinine, and amylase were observed dynamically. The dialysate of peritoneal dialysis was remained in the peritoneal cavity for testing the nature of intoxicant by using Varian 3900/ Saturn 2100T GC/MS device. All data were analyzed with SPSS version 12.0 software. Statistical comparison between two groups was carried out by using student t-test and analysis of variance(ANOVA) followed by Dunnett-ttests before and after intoxication. The pearson correlation analysis was used for determination of the relationship between TNF-α and other biomarkers. Results After intoxication, serum TNF-α, CK-MB, ALT and amylase increased except creatinine, but the serum levels of those biomarkers in PD group were significantly lower than those in control group.The level of TNF-a had positive correlations with CK-MB ( r = 0.470), ALT ( r = 0.649), and amylase ( r = 0.517). The omethoate was detected in the dialysate of peritoneal dialysis. Conclusions Organophosphorus pesticides can lead the cardiac muscle, liver, kidney and pancreas to the injury through several mechanisms,and the inflammatory mediators play important role in the development of MODS induced by AOPP. Peritoneal dialysis can clean up intoxicants slowly and continuously and in turn lower down the level of inflammatory mediators resulted in protecting multiple organs from AOPP.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of Codonopsis Pilosula Polysaccharide (CPPS) on improving of the memory consolidation disorder induced by Cycloheximide and its possible mechanisms in mice. METHODS The mice was divided into five groups, as normal control group, cycloheximid model group, piracetam positive control group, CPPS 300 mg · kg- 1 group, and CPPS 150 mg·kg-1 group. The mice respectively were given saline, piracetam, and CPPS for 15 d. The memory consolidation disorder model in mice was established by ip. Cyclohexylamine, and orally administered CPPS(300 mg·kg-1 or 150 mg·kg-1) every day. Then experimental groups were subjected Morris Water Maze test. Western blotting analysis were used to analysis the expression of CaMKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways. RESULTS Morris water maze experiment showed that cyclohexylamine can cause memory consolidation disorder(P<0.01), and giving piracetam and CPPS (300 mg · kg- 1) can improve spatial memory impairment in mice(P<0.05, P<0.01). Western blotting experiment results show that compared with normal control group, CaMKⅡ and CREB contents of brain in model group mice had significant decreased(P<0.001); Compared with model group, CaMK Ⅱ and CREB contents of brain tissue in piracetam and CPPS groups increased significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001). CONCLUSION Cyclo?heximide can induce the memory consolidation disorder, and its effect in mice related to CaMK/CREB signaling pathways. CPPS can improved this memory disorder by influence CaMKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.

Rotaviruses, which are recognized as one of the major etiological agents among infants and young children with diarrhea, consist of three concentric layers of protein capsid with the enclosed double-stranded RNA genome. Rotaviruses infect host cells mainly by identifying the specific receptors on cell surfaces and binding to them. Therefore, receptors are important factors for viruses infecting cells. So far, there have been many receptors found to be involved in rotavirus infection, including sialic acid, integrin, Toll-like receptor, and blood group antigen. This article provides an overview of receptors involved in rotavirus infection.
Animals ; Humans ; Receptors, Virus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rotavirus ; genetics ; physiology ; Rotavirus Infections ; genetics ; metabolism ; virology

Objective To explore the morphological features of temporal lobe of healthy Chinese Han adults on the high-resolution MRI and provide morphological data of temporal lobe for the construction of database for Chinese Standard Brain.Methods This is a clinical multi-center study.Three hundred healthy Chinese volunteers (male 150, and female 150) recruited from 15 hospitals were divided equally into five groups according to their age, i.e., 18-30 ( Group A ), 31-40 ( Group B ), 41-50 ( Group C ), 51-60(Group D), 61-70( Group E).All subjects were scanned using T1WI 3D MPRAGE sequence and volumes of standardized temporal lobe were collected.The bilateral volumes of standardized temporal lobe were compared by variance analysis between male and female subjects and among five age groups.Results The mean volumes of left and right temporal lobe were (97 126±15 703) mm3 and (97 015±15 545) mm3 respectively for men, and (95 123±14 564) mm3 and (96 423±13 407) mm3 for women.The difference temporal lobe volume between male and female wasn't significant on the same side (F = 1.336, 0.127 ,P =0.249, 0.722).The left temporal lobe volumes of Group A-E were (93 873±13 351 ), (95 566±11 964), (10 1890±14 511 ), (93 972±14 050) and (95 636±19 864)mm3 respectively, and those on the right side were (93 409±10 984), (98 158±16 392), (102 079±15 112), (95 448±11 123 ) and (94 658±16 928) mm3.There were significant differences among 5 groups between left and right temporal lobe volume( F = 2.940, 3.514, P = 0.021, 0.008 ).Further pairwise comparison revealed that left and right temporal lobe volume in Group C is higher than those of Group A and D(P<0.05), while there were no significant differences between the other groups ( P > 0.05 ).Conclusion High-resolution MRI could offer detailed images and precise morphological data of temporal lobe, which provides morphological data of temporal lobe for the construction of database for Chinese Standard Brain.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents in the roots of Aconitum iochanicum Ulbr.Methods: The air-dried roots of A.iochanicum were powdered and extracted by methanol with a percolation method.After removing the solvent under reduced pressure, the crude extract was dissolved in1.5% HCl solution, and then extracted by ecetic ether.The acidic solution was basified to pH 9.0 by NaOH (5%) and extracted with ethyl acetate to obtain crude alkaloidal extract after the removal of ethyl acetate.The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography and identified based on spectral analysis (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS).Results: Totally 18 compounds were isolated from A.iochanicum and characterized as 14-O-acetylsachaconitine (1), franchetine (2), crassicaudine (3), indaconoitine (4), 14-benzoyl chasmanine (5), 14-O-acetyltalatisamine (6), talatisamine (7), chasmannine (8), crassicauline A (9), bikhaconine (10), 13,15-dideoxyaconitine (11), crassicautine (12), kongboensine (13), liljestrandisine (14), ludaconitine (15), 8-deacetyl-yunaconitine (16), yunaconitine (17) and ouvrardiantine (18).Conclusion: It''s the first time to study the chemical constituents of A.iochanicum, and 18 diterpenoid alkaloids are isolated.

Objective To investigate the effects of gabapentin on high-voltage-activated calcium currents in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in mice with oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain (NP). Methods Pathogen-free male Kunming mice aged 6 weeks weighing 20-25 g were used in this study. NP was induced by injection of intraperitoneal oxaliplatin 3 mg/kg. Successful induction of NP was defined as the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) measured at 3 d after oxaliplatin administration decreased to 40% of the baseline ( before administration of oxaliplatin). Forty-one mice in which NP was successfully induced were randomly divided into 2 groups: NP group ( n = 20) and gabapentin group (group G, n = 21 ). Another 10 normal mice served as control group (group C). At 3 days after oxaliplatin administration, gabapentin 100 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day for 3 consecutive days in group G, while C and NP groups received the equal volume of normal saline.MWT to von Fray filament stimulation was measured immediately before and 1-3 days after gabapentin administration (T1-4). After the last measurement of MWT, bilateral L4.5 DRG was collected and neurons were isolated. The high-voltage-activated calcium currents were recorded using whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The peak current density and the voltage where half of the current was activated ( Va1/2 ) or inactivated ( Vi 1/2 ) were calculated. Results Compared with group C, MWT at T1-4 was decreased, the peak current density and Vi1/2 were significantly increased in group NP, and MWT at T1 was decreased in group G ( P ＜ 0.05). There was no significant difference in the peak current density, Vi1/2 and Va1/2 between C and G groups ( P ＞ 0.05). MWT at T2-4 was significantly increased, while the peak current density and Vi1/2 were significantly decreased in group G compared with group NP (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion Gabapentin can reduce oxaliplatin-induced NP in mice through inhibiting high-voltage-activated calcium currents and promoting the inactivation of the channels in DRG neurons.

Objective To evaluate the effect of hydrogen sulfide combined with mild hypothermia on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods Eighty male SD rats, aged 3 months, weighing 250-300 g, were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 16 each): sham operation group (group S), cerebral I/R group,mild hypothermia group (group M), sodium hydrosulfide group (group NaHS) and NaHS + mild hypothermia group (group NM). In group I/R, M, NaHS and NM, cerebral I/R was induced by occlusion of 4 vessels (cauterization of bilateral vertebral arteries and 15 min occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries) followed by reperfusion. In group NaHS and NM, intraperitoneal NaHS 14 μmol/kg was injected immediately after reperfusion, while the equal volume of normal saline was injected in the other three groups. At the same time, the rectal temperature was reduced to 32-33 ℃ within 15 min, lasting for 6 h, in group M and NM, while it was maintained at 36-37 ℃by physical method in other groups. Twelve rats of each group were sacrificed after 6 h of reperfusion, and then the hippocampus was removed for determination of the content of H2 S by using spectrophotometer and the expression of p-CREB and BDNF mRNA by using Western blot and RT-PCR respectively. Four rats in each group were sacririced after 72 h of reperfusion and then the hippocampus was removed for microscopic examination. Results The cerebral I/R injury was attenuated in group M, NaHS and NM compared with group I/R, with the slightest injury in group NM. The H2S content was significantly higher in group I/R, M, NaHS and NM than in group S, and in group NaHS and NM than in group I/R and M. The expression of p-CREB and BNDF mRNA was significantly higher in group I/R, M, NaHS and NM than in group S, and in group M, NaHS and NM than in group I/R. The BDNF mRNA expression was significantly higher in group NM than in group M and NaHS. There was no significant difference in the H2S content and the expression of p-CREB and BNDF mRNA between group NaHS and M.Conclusion Hydrogen sulfide combined with mild hypothermia can attenuate cerebral I/R injury by up-regulating the expression of p-CREB and BDNF mRNA in hippocampus in rats.

Objective To observe olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation on brain injury recovery nerve function and to explore its mechanism. Methods After purification of the olfactory ensheathing cells cultured for NGFRp75 immunocytochemical identification and preparation of cell suspension for transplantation, some cells were pre-labeled for bservation of survival after transplantation. 48 adult SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:sham operation without injury group (A group),cerebral cortex motor area injury group (B group) , the same brain injury and the olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation group (C group). At postoperative day,3 d, 7 d,14 d the neurological severity score (NSS) of rats were assessed; 14 d after injury of brain tissues were taken for NeuN immunohistochemistry host the number of neurons change. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS17.0 software. Results (1) Cultured olfactory ensheathing cells showed NCFRp75 positive,the positive rate was 90%. (2) 14 d after transplantation of nuclear fluorescence labeling of olfactory ensheathing cells survived well in the host body. (3) 14 d after NSS score of B group( 2.00 ± 0.53) and C group ( 1.25 ± 0.46) were significantly better than the B group (P<0.05). (4) NeuN positive cells in B group (39.2 ±7. 1) and C group(45, 8 ± 6.0) were significantly better than B group (P<0.05). Conclusions Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation can promote the recovery of neurological function in rats brain injury,which may be related with olfactory ensheathing cells to promote neuron survival in the host.

This study aimed to amplify major genome segments (VP7, VP4, VP6, VP2 and NSP2-5) of porcine G3 group A rotavirus (GARV) LLZ212 isolated in our laboratory, determine their genotypes, and explore the evolutionary relationships between G3 GARV strains isolated from humans and pigs in Lulong County, Hebei Province, China. Major genome segments of seven GARV strains were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the segments were sequenced. The genome segments of seven GARV strains were determined by the online RotaC genotyping tool (RotaC v2.0). The reference sequences of each GARV genome segment were downloaded from GenBank. Homology and phylogenetic evolutionary analyses were conducted using the MEGA 5.0 and DNAStar software packages. LLZ212 isolated from pigs in Lulong had the following genotype: G3-P[8]-I5-C1-N1-T1-E1-H1. All human GARV strains had the following genotype: G3-P[8]-I1-C1-N1-T1-E1-H1. The VP7, VP4, NSP4 and NSP5 genes of the LLZ212 strain had the highest nucleotide identities with the human GARV E885, CMH014/07, Wa and RMC321 strains, respectively, and these clustered together in a sublineage. The VP6, NSP4 and NSP5 genes of the LLZ212 strain shared the highest nucleotide identities with the porcine GARV PRG921 strain, while VP2 associated most closely with porcine GARV OSU strain, and these also clustered in a sublineage. A rare porcine G3-P[8]-I5-C1-N1-T1-E1-H1 GARV strain was identified, which may represent a reassortment between porcine and human viruses. In conclusion, the VP7, VP4, NSP4 and NSP5 genes of LLZ212 share high levels of sequence identity with human GARV, while VP2, VP6, NSP2 and NSP3 cluster with porcine GARV.
Animals ; Capsid Proteins ; genetics ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Rotavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; genetics