Formative assessment is in conformity with the teaching concept of problem-based learning (PBL).It is to make a real-time,dynamic and sustainable observation and evaluation in the whole teaching process.It is helpful to improve learning and teaching continuously.The PBL clinical teaching courses of long-schooling program in our school obtained the certain effect.It used the formative evaluation mode.The homemade students mutual table and teacher evaluation table were used in PBL course.Specifically,students' self-evaluation and mutual-evaluation were made,and then teacher gave some comments in 10 minutes before the end of each class.Every student was scored by the group leader and teacher according to all these abilities,such as the power of expression,question ability,communication skills,coordination skills and the ability to access.At the end of one case study students wrote self assessment reports,and then the teacher wrote reviews,graded and gave feedback to students.However,the final scores were archived as data instead of being part of the course grade.The application of formative assessment has promoted the teaching effect of PBL.However,in the following practice,teachers should be targeted to solve the problems such as lack of teachiers,the students' self evaluation and mutual evaluation being not fair and highly recognized,and a few students having slack psychology.

Objective To construct the eukaryotic expression vector containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting the inhibition of Smad3 gene segment in keloid fibroblasts (KFBs) and to investigate the effects on the expression of Smad7 in KFBs. Methods A couple of the most effective siRNA screened from former experiments were used to recombine the plasmids of Smad3 shRNA, and then Smad3 shRNA was transfected into KFBs by LyoVec TM. The expressions of Smad3 and Smad7 at different time points (0～9 d) were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results ① The recombinant Smad3 shRNA vectors were identified by RT-PCR and Western blotting. ② The expressions of mRNA and protein of Smad3 in KFBs decreased significantly in a time-dependent manner after transfection of Smad3 shRNA and reached the lowest point at 72 hours in the experimental group. Optical density analysis revealed a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group (P

Objective To explore the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) in diagnosis of placental accrete,placental increta and placental percreta. Methods Twenty suspected patients of placental accrete, placental increta and placental percreta were examined with CEUS after routine ultrasound examination. Sono Vue was injected intravenously as bolus and a real time CEUS was performed to observe the characteristics. Results Comparison of 15 CEUS cases with uterine curettage, 8 cases had a clear relationship between the residual disease of the uterine cavity and uterine wall,7 cases had a thin thickness (2-4 mm) between the residual disease of the uterine cavity and uterine wall. Five of the 20 cases performed cesarean cesion,3 cases of the uterine serosa of placenta affixing part were very thin,incomplete and rough, demonstrating placenta increta and placenta percreta, 1 case of uterine rupture showed non-invasiveness between uterine wall and uterine serosa,and 1 case of placenta increta pathologically proven, initially suspected gestational trophoblastic disease by the CEUS. Conclusions CEUS provides an important diagnostic message for placental accrete, placental increta and placental percreta by showing the different characteristics of the perfusion image.

AIMTo observe the effect of adenosine A, receptor antagonist on synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus and its relations with NMDA receptor.

METHODSUsing electrophysiological technique to record the long-term potentiation (LTP), the relation between selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) and NMDA receptor agonist/antagonist, in both basic synaptic transmission and 200 Hz high-frequency stimulation (HFS) induced LTP of the dentate gyrus of hippocampus in anesthetized rats, was studied.

RESULTSDPCPX (6 mg x L(-1), 5 microL, icv) or NMDA (0.2 mg x L(-1), 5 microL, icv) was shown not to affect the synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus in rats. DPCPX was found not to affect the keeping of LTP induced by HFS after icv NMDA. But the basic synaptic transmission and the magnitude of LTP induced by HFS in the dentate gyrus after icv NMDA could be enhanced significantly by icv DPCPX in advance. DPCPX could not affect the magnitude of LTP inhibited by AP5 (0.5 mg x L(-1), 5 microL) NMDA receptor antagonist, but the inhibitory effect of AP5 on LTP could be antagonized by icv DPCPX in advance.

CONCLUSIONThe selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX could not affect the synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus, but could significantly enhance the effect of NMDA receptor in both basic synaptic transmission and HFS induced LTP in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus in anesthetized rats.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate ; pharmacology ; Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists ; Animals ; Dentate Gyrus ; drug effects ; physiology ; Long-Term Potentiation ; drug effects ; Male ; N-Methylaspartate ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Synaptic Transmission ; drug effects ; Xanthines ; pharmacology

ObjectiveTo evaluate the function of the salivary glands with gustatory stimulation by using MR DWI.MethodsA prospective study was conducted in 30 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who had normal salivary function.A DWI sequence was performed on the salivary glands at resting state,and continually repeated on the parotid immediately after oral ascorbic acid stimulation over a period of 21 minutes (once every 18 seconds).The multiple b-values (0,400,600,800,1000 s/mm2) were used.ADC maps were evaluated with a manually placed region of interest including the entire salivary gland.The ADC of each gland was obtained by taking the mean of values on three contiguous sections containing the largest areas of the gland.The paired two-tailed Student t test was used to compare the ADC values of the parotid and the submandibular glands at rest,and of the parotid before and after stimulation.ResultsThe mean ADC value at rest was significantly lower in the parotid [ (1.23 ±0.12) × 10-3 mm2/s] than in the submandibular glands [(1.34 ± 0.07 ) × 10 -3 mm2/s,t =4.545,P ＜ 0.01 ].After acid stimulation,the ADC value increased from the baseline to (1.41 ±0.19) × 10-3 mm2/s firstly and then fluctuated at the following time,with a peak value of ( 1.49 ± 0.20 )× 10 -3 mm2/s and the average value of ( 1.36 ±0.17) × 10-3 mm2/s.The average value was significantly different from the baseline value (t =15.127,t =11.905,P ＜ 0.01 ).The minimum value [ ( 1.24 ± 0.14) × 10-3 mm2/s] was not significantly different compared to the baseline value (t =1.329,P ＞ 0.05 ).ConclusionMR DW1 can noninvasively evaluate the physiologic changes of salivary glands before and after acid stimulation.

AIMTo study the effect of blocking adenosine A1 receptors on learning and memory and the relation with cholinergic and aminoacidergic nerve.

METHODSUsing step through test, spectrophotometry and HPLC method, the effect of selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, 0.3, 0.15, 0.075, 0.03, 0.015 microgram, icv) on memory impairment by scopolamine (Scop, 3 mg.kg-1 i.p.) or 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric (AP5, 2.5 ng, icv), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and aminoacid level in brain of mice was studied.

RESULTSDPCPX was shown to significantly improve scopolamine-induced memory impairment, but not AP5-induced. The activity of AChE in mouse brain was significantly inhibited by large doses of DPCPX in vitro and in vivo test. DPCPX(0.3 microgram, icv) was shown to significantly increase the content of glutamate and aspartic acid in brain of mice. DPCPX (0.3, 0.15 microgram, icv) significantly decrease GABA and increase Glu/GABA in brain of mice.

CONCLUSIONThe selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX was shown to significantly improve scopolamine but not AP5-induced memory impairment. Large doses of DPCPX was shown to influence the AChE activity and the changes in aminoacid level in brain, especially increase Glu/GABA.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate ; metabolism ; Acetylcholine ; metabolism ; Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists ; Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Female ; Glutamic Acid ; metabolism ; Learning ; drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Random Allocation ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; Xanthines ; pharmacology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; metabolism

ificantly lower than in both middle and low group(P＜0.05).Conclusion TP may improve the antioxidant ability of experimental aging mice.

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic range of tacrolimus and effects of tacrolimus on liver and re- nal functions and blood routine in renal transplant recipients.Method:The whole blood tacrolimus concentration was meas- ured by micro-particle enzyme immunoassay(MEIA).Blood tacrolimus concentrations in 390 cases of renal transplant re- cipients were analyzed.The effects of tacrolimus on liver and renal function and blood routine were also studied.Result: The blood tacrolimus concentrations in 377 of 390 cases were within the range from 3 to 15?g?L~(-1).Their blood tacrolimus concentration differed greatly in renal transplant recipients within 6 months after transplantation.Their blood tacrolimus concentration was gradually decreased as time went on.Tacrolimus with therapeutic dosage had no effects on liver and renal function and blood routine.Conclusion:The therapeutic ranges of tacrolimus with MEIA were as follows:5 to 15?g?L~(-1) within 3 months after transplantation,5 to 10?g?L~(-1)between 4 to 6 months after transplantation,3 to 10?g?L~(-1)6 months after transplantation.The administration of tacrolimus had no effects on the liver and renal function and blood routine in re- nal transplant recipients.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Yiqi Huoxue Qingre Huashi Recipe (YHQHR, a recipe capable of supplementing qi, activating blood, clearing heat, and dissipating dampness) on ulcer healing and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication rate in Hp positive peptic ulcer patients, and to explore coccoid Hp occurrence in the eradication.

METHODSTotally 80 Hp positive peptic ulcer patients were assigned to the treatment group and the control groups by random digit table, 40 in each group. All patients received standard triple therapy of Western medicine for 2 successive weeks. Those in the control group additionally took omeprazole enteric coated tablet, 20 mg each time, once per day for 4 successive weeks. Those in the treatment group additionally took YHQHR, twice per day for 6 successive weeks. The ulcer healing was observed and recorded by gastroscope after discontinued medication of 14 days. The effective rate of ulcer healing under endoscope was statistically calculated. Rapid urease test (RUT) was performed in one small piece of tissue from corpora ventriculi and sinuses ventriculi using 14C breathe test (UBT). Gastric juice was collected from the stomach. Hp urease gene amplification test (urea A-PCR) was performed in living tissue from gastric antrum. Results obtained from the above three test methods were recorded and assessed to decide the final eradiation rate. Gastric mucosa tissue was observed under electron microscope,attempting to find non-eradicated Hp, which was further observed.

RESULTSThe total curative effect under gastroscope was 97.5% (39/40 cases) in the treatment group, obviously higher than that in the control group (80.0%, 32/40 cases) (P < 0.05). The eradication rate of Hp was 75.0% (30/40 cases), obviously better than that of the control group (52.5%, 21/40 cases) (P < 0.05). The total positive Hp numbers after treatment was 14C UBT (12), RUT (8), and urea A-PCR (27), respectively. The Hp positive rate detected by 14C UBT and RUT was lower than the Hp positive rate detected by urea A-PCR (P < 0.05). Rod-like and coccoid Hp bacteria could be observed under electron microscope.

CONCLUSIONYHQHR combined standard triple therapy was more effective than standard triple therapy alone in promoting ulcer healing and elevating the eradication rate of Hp.

Breath Tests ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Gastric Mucosa ; Helicobacter Infections ; drug therapy ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Omeprazole ; Peptic Ulcer ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Urea

Objective To compare the value of transvaginal ultrasound and MRI in diagnosis of the first-trimester cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP).Methods The transvaginal ultrasound and MRI data of 28 patients who were initially diagnosed as CSP were analyzed. Regarding the surgery and postoperative pathology as a gold standard,the differences between transvaginal ultrasound and MRI were compared in the sensitivity,specificity,diagnostic coincidence rate and the ability in showing the internal structure of gestational sac and its relationship with the surrounding tissue.Results 22 CSP patients were confirmed by surgical pathology in a total of 28 patients,while 20 CSP patients using transvaginal ultrasound and 1 9 using MRI were correctly diagnosed respectively,and the sensitivity,specificity and diagnostic coincidence rate were 90.9%,50.0%,82.1% vs 86.4%,83.3%,85.7%,respectively,exhibiting no statistical difference in the coincidence rates between two methods (χ2 =0.132,P=0.72 ).The pregnant bursa in 20 patients was found by pathology in 22 CSP patients,and 19 pregnant bursa with transvaginal ultrasound and 17 with MRI were confirmed respectively,exhibiting no statistical difference between two methods (χ2 =1.11,P =0.29).The yolk sac in 12 patients,embryos in 8,original heart tube in 5 and local scar pregnancy sac infiltration in 3 were found with transvaginal ultrasound,meanwhile those in 2,2,0 and 9 respectively were also found with MRI,exhibiting significant differences between the two methods (χ2 =13.8,P =0.000;χ2 =7.7,P =0.006;χ2 =7.2,P =0.007;χ2 =7.1,P=0.008).The pregnancy capsule hemorrhage in 7 patients and hemorrhage in uterine cavity in 9 were found with transvaginal ultrasound, meanwhile those in 14 and 1 5 were found with MRI,exhibiting significant differences (χ2 =6.6,P =0.01;χ2 =5.0,P =0.026). Conclusion The coincidence rate in diagnosis of CSP using transvaginal ultrasound or MRI is higher.Transvaginal ultrasound is superior to MRI in showing the yolk sac,embryos and original heart tube,while MRI is better than transvaginal ultrasound in showing the hemorrhage of uterine cavity or gestational sac and the relationship between pregnant bursa and the surrounding tissue.Combination of the two methods shows more value in early diagnosis of CSP.