Background Conventional chemical method to fix the entire eyeball results in the edema of retinal nerve fiber layer and therefore influent the evaluation of tissue structure.Research showed that microwave irradiation can avoid this phenomenon. Objective This study was to investigate the appropriate energy and time duration of microwave irradiation for fixation of rabbit eyes specimen and compare the influence of different fixation methods on retinal structure. Methods Twenty-two New Zealand white rabbits were sacrificed by using venous air embolism.The eyeballs were enucleated from the rabbits and immersed in chemical reagents with glacial acetic acid,methyl aldehyde and chloroform for 2 days as the control group.The eyeballs were immersed in 400 ml physiological balance solution immediately,and then were fixed by microwave irradiation for 80,160,240 and 320 seconds under the lower power as the microwave irradiation groups.In the microwave irradiation+chemical fixation group,the specimens were immersed in chemical reagents for 1-2 hours after the microwave radiation.The morphology of retinal structure was examined and area of retinal detachment was calculated by hemotoxylin and eosin staining under the light microscope. Results A better fixation effect was obtained in the retinal section of microwave radiation for 240 seconds in comparison with that of the traditional chemical reagent fixation method for 2 days.The retina detachment ratio was 16.3%±11.5% for simple microwave method,50.0%±24.5% for chemical method,and 6.7%±7.8% for microwave+chemical method.showing a significant difference among 3 groups(F=32.43,P=0.000).Retinal staining was clear and retinal structure was almost normal in the specimens of microwave+chemical fixation group with 200-240 seeonds microwave irradiation and 1-2 hours chemical fixation. Conclusion Microwave irradiation method is a more ideal way for the fixation of retina because of taking short duration,lower toxicity and better staining.The combination of microwave radiation and chemical reagents can acquire an excellent quality of retinal section.

Objective:To study the effect of GnRH analog triptorelin in resensitizing cisplatin-resistant human ovarian canc- er cells and to discuss the related mechanism.Methods:Cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3/CDDP was established in vitro.MTT assay was used to assess the inhibitory effects of triptorelin,cisplatin alone or a combination of both on OVCAR-3/CDDP cells.Flow cytometry was employed to observe the expression changes in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)in different groups.Results:The drug restant index of OVCAR-3/CDDP cells was 13.42.The resensitizing fold of cisplatin combined with triptorelin was 3.80.The expression of EGFR had the most prominent decrease in OVCAR-3/CDDP cells in the combination group.Conclusion:Triptorelin can partially resensitize cisplatin-resistant OVCAR-3/CDDP cells,which might be related to the down-regulation of EGFR.

Objective To evaluate the role of spinal CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) in inflammatory pain and the relationship with calmodulin (CaM)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseⅡ(CaMKⅡ) signaling pathways in mice.Methods Ninety-six pathogen-free healthy male C57BL6 mice,weighing 25-27 g,were divided into 3 groups using a random number table:control group (group C,n=30),inflammatory pain group (group IP,n=36) and CX3CR1 antagonist group (group CA,n=30).Inflammatory pain was induced by injecting complete Freund′s adjuvant (CFA) 50 μl into the plantar surface of right hind paws in IP and CA groups,while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in group C.In group CA,CX3CR1 antagonist (diluted to 1 μg/5 μl in phosphate buffer solution) was intrathecally injected at 1 h before CFA injection.The thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) was measured at 30 min before CFA injection (T0) and 30 min,1 h,2 h and 4 h after CFA injection (T2-4).The animals were then sacrificed,and the spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of phosphorylated CaMKⅡ (p-CaMKⅡ),phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (p-CREB) and c-fos (by Western blot) and expression of CaMKⅡ,CREB and c-fos mRNA (using real-time polymerase chain reaction).Immunofluorescence was used to determine that p-CAMKⅡ was expressed in microglia.Results Compared with group C,the TWL was significantly shortened at T2-4,and the expression of p-CaMKⅡ,p-CREB and c-fos protein and mRNA was up-regulated at T1-4 in IP and CA groups (P<0.05).Compared with group IP,the TWL was significantly prolonged at T2-4,and the expression of p-CaMKⅡ,p-CREB and c-fos protein and mRNA was down-regulated at T1-4 in group CA (P<0.05).p-CaMKⅡ was co-expressed with the microglial specific biomarker.Conclusion CX3CR1 is involved in the development and maintenance of inflammatory pain through activating CaM-CaMKⅡsignaling pathways in mice.

Objective To make suggestions for China's drug safety supervision through an introduction of the status of pharmacovigilance system in the United States (US).Methods Through legal research and document research,the author introduced and analyzed the current situation of pharmacovigilance system in the US from the organization and responsibilities of Food and Drug Administration,system of laws and regulations,risk management and evaluation methods of post-marketing drugs etc.Results The US has now established a relatively mature pharmacovigilance system.This system has a perfect drug safety supervision organization structure,a sound system of laws and regulations and a scientific evaluation system of drug risk management.Conclusion The relevant experience of the US can be learned by China,such as the communication & collaboration between pre-and post-market drug regulatory agencies,instillation of drug risk management and establishment of guidance for industry to promote the development and improvement of China's drug safety supervision.

Objective To investigate the role of calcineurin(CaN)in inflammatory pain in rats.Methods Seventy-five male Harlan-Sprague-Dawley rats,weighting of 200-300 g were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=25): group control (group C),group CFA (complete Freunds adjuvant) (group F) and group CaN+CFA (group NF).100 μl CFA were injected on the right hind claw preparaing for inflammatory pain models in groups F and NF,100 μl saline were injected on the right hind claw in group C.CaN 10 U was intracerebroventricular injected 1 d before CFA injection in group NF.Paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) were measured in 30 min prior to (T0),0.5 h (T1),1 h (T2),2 h (T3) and 4 h (T4) after injection.The expression of CaN and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB),IL-1β,TNF-α and IL-10 in spinal cord were measured at each time point.Results The PWTL was significantly shorter at T2-T4 in group F,at T3,T4 in group NF than that at T0and in group C (P<0.05);The PWTL at T2-T4 in group NF was significantly longer than that in group F (P<0.05).CaN protein expression in spinal cord at T1-T4 in group F,at T2-T4 in group NF was significantly lower than that of T0 and in the group C,NF-κB p65 protein expression was significantly higher than that of T0 and in the group C (P<0.05).CaN gene and IL-10 protein content at T2-T4 in groups F and NF were significantly lower than that of group C and at T0,NF-κB gene and IL-1β,TNF-α protein content was significantly higher than that of group C and at T0 (P<0.05).CaN protein and CaN gene expression,IL-10 protein content in spinal cord tissue at T1-T4in group NF was significantly higher than that of group F,NF-κB p65 protein and NF-κB gene expression and contents of IL-1β,TNF-α protein were significantly lower than that of group F (P<0.05).Conclusion CaN adjusts pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines by reducing NF-κB and inhibiting the process of inflammatory pain in rats.

There existed animal ethical issues in the process of functional experiment including poor breeding environment before animal experiment, insufficient prepare before class, not standard experimental operation, less attention paid to the study of anesthesia, disposal on animals after the experiment. Based on the analysis of these issues and combined with the thought of respect for animals′rights and attention to animal welfare, the authors put forward suggestions from the aspects including the schools′active attention and support, curriculum, standardizing the experimental design and operation steps, improving the animal experiment teachers′ethical consciousness, cul-tivating the students′experimental animal ethical consciousness. In addition, this paper put forward the thinking of further strengthening education:the domestic medical colleges generally need to strengthen medical ethics educa-tion, and should adopt various forms to cultivate medical students′medical ethics quality of treasuring life.

OBJECTIVE:To improve the ability of vaccine post-marketing surveillance,and clearly define the development di-rection of it in China. METHODS:Though introducing the background,strategic objective and operation objective of Global Vac-cine Safety Blueprint,the situation of vaccine post-marketing surveillance in China was analyzed. RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:Vaccine post-marketing surveillance have developed fast in China recent years and get generally confirmation. However,compared with the goals in the blueprint,there are some activities should be strengthened,such as active surveillance,signal analysis and da-ta standardization,etc. We should take use of the opportunity offered by WHO and other international organizations to shrink the gap between our country and the advanced countries. Drawing support from WHO and other international institutions,vaccine post-marketing surveillance can step on the new level in China.

Female ; Fibrosarcoma ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis

Objective To compare the changes in TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway in infant and adult mice infected with influenza virus, and to provide experimental evidence for the study of immunopathological mechanism in pediatric respiratory virus susceptibility. Methods Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were applied to detect the expressions of lung TLR4 and NF-κB P65 mRNA and proteins in the infant and adult mice, and to compare the changes in TLR4-NF-κB P65 signaling pathway after infection with influenza virus.Results (1) The infant model group showed the strongest expression of TLR4 protein in the lung tissue, compared with that in the normal group and adult model group showing significant differences (P<0.05).(2) The expression of NF-κB P65 protein in the lung tissue was strongest in the infant model group, and it was gradually increased over time, showing a significant difference between each time point and the next time point (P<0.05).(3) The infant model group showed the strongest expression of TLR4 mRNA in lung tissue, significantly higher than that in the normal and adult model groups (P<0.05).(4) The expression of NF-κB P65 mRNA in the lung tissue was highest in the infant model group, and significantly higher than that in the normal and the adult model groups ( P<0.05) , and it was gradually increased with the time.Conclusions The over-activation of TLR4-NF-κB P65 signaling pathway may be one of the immunopathological mechanisms of serious injury in the lung tissue in infant rats.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the anticancer activity of 5'-dexoxy-fluorouridine on colon cancer experimental models in BALB/C mice,compared with 5'-fluorouracil,an anticancer agent widely used in clinic,meanwhile,examined the conversion of 5'-Dexoxy-fluorouridine to 5' -fluorouracil in cancer tissues and serum of mouse models.MethodsThe xenografts of mouse colon cancer cell line CT 26 were transplantated to cecum in 60 male BALB/C mice.Three days lated,these mice were divided into 3 groups and intro- peritoneally injected:( 1 ) 5' - dexoxy- fluorouridine 0.1 mg/g,(2) 5' - Fluorouracil 0.02 mg/g,(3)0.9％ sodium chloride 0.4 mL (as a control),respectively.Two and three weeks later,6 mice were sacririced in every group respectively to measure the weight of tumors and bodies,to examine the Hb,RBC,WBC,PLT,AST,ALT,UREA,and CREA in blood.The rest 8 mice in each group were fed generally,and the survival time from operation to natural death was recorded.In addition,14 mice with xenografts of CT 26 about 2 weeks,were divided into 2 groups averagely,5' -dexoxy-fluorouridine 0.1 mg/g and 5' -fluorouracil 0.02 mg/g were intro-peritoneally injected respectively.Fifteen min later,the converted 5' -fluorouracil was detected from the blood and tumor tissues in sacrificed mice.ResultsThe lest tumor average weight was found in the mice injected 5 '-dexoxy-fluorouridine,being (0.07 ± 0.12) g and (0.24g ±0.29) g for the mice sacrificed at 2 and 3 weeks later,respectively.The average survival time for rest mice was ( 32.6 ± 8.9) d.The average tumor weight in 5' - fluorouracil group was (0.74 ± 0.43 ) g and ( 1.13 ±0.75) g at 2 and 3 weeks later,and the average survival time for the rest was (22.8 ±5.9)d,respectively.The average tumor weight in the control group was (0.70 ±0.47) g and ( 1.93 ±0.83) g at 2 and 3 weeks,and the average survival time for the rest was ( 17.5 ± 2.8 ) d.Either the average tumor weight or average survival time in the mice of 5 ' -dexoxy-fluorouridine group was significantly differen from either 5' -fluorouracil group or control (P ＜ 0.05 ).However,there was no significant difference for the numbers of WBC,PLC,Hb,and some function examination of liver and kidney among 3 group mice,besides the loss of weights in 5'-fluorouracil group mice after operation and medicine therapy which was significantly obvious than that in 5' -deoxy-fluorouridine and control groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ).In addition,( 54.71 ± 12.82) μg/g 5' -fluorouracil was detected in xenografts of mice injected 5' -dexoxy-fluorouridine 15 min later,which was the 6.20 folds of 5' -fluorouracil detected in serum from sthe ame group,P ＜0.05.However,( 133.35 ±20.69) μg/m 5'-fluorouracil were detected in serum of mice after 5' -fluorouracil were injected 15 min later,which was the 1.55 folds of 5' -fluorouracil detected in the xenografts from same group ( P ＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionsIn colon cancer tissues of mouse experimental models,5' - dexoxy- fluorouridine could be converted effectively to 5'-fluorouracil,an obvious high concentration being detected in serum of mice than in cancer tissues.The anticancer effect of 5'-dexoxy-fluorouridine on mouse colon cancer models was more effective than 5'-fluorouracil,resulting in a longer survival duration,less side effect and no significant injury on liver and kidney functions.However,the mechanism of 5' -dexoxy-fluorouridine converted to 5' -fluorouracil in cancer tissue is needed further investigation.