The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in February 2003 in Guangdong, China, middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) in September2012 in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the current COVID-19 pandemics in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, are all caused by coronaviruses, and patients primarily died of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Compared with more than 5 years of wreaking havoc from MERS-CoV and Ebor, China successfully contains the SARS-CoV within one year, which shows her advantages in political governance controlling such pandemics. Many coronaviruses have been separated and their molecular structures analyzed. However, there is no specific anti-coronavirus drug developed in the world since the outbreaks. The problems come from not only pharmaceutical technology per se that must treat both coronaviruses and their life-threatening ARDS, but also the small size of patients who could immune against the coronaviruses after infections resulting in pharmaceutical reluctance to invest in the area. Facing both the pharmaceutical and social-economic bottlenecks, here, we summarized the current development of anti-coronavirus drugs, and proposed the strategies of repurposing existing drugs and preparing their pharmacological combinations to fight the viruses including COVID-19 based on a well-understanding of how the coronaviruses enter the host and damage our respiratory system.

Objective To observe the effect of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) on thyroid peroxidase activity and the expression of mRNA in primary porcine thyrocytes, and approach its possible mechanism. Methods In vitro cultured porcine thyrocytes were divided into 0 μg/L(control group), 2, 5, and 10 μg TGF-β1/L groups.After cultured for 72 h, the cell survival rate was measured with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and the thyroid peroxidase (TPO) activity was measured by guaiacol method. The expression of TPO mRNA was determined cell survival rates of 2, 5, 10 μg/L groups(85.26%, 75.14% and 63.21%) were significantly lower(all P < 0.05 ).significantly decreased as compared with the control group [(2.143 ± 0.102), all P < 0.05)], and the TPO of TGF-β1, the lower the expression of TPO mRNA [(0.875 ± 0.078), (0.466 ± 0.044), (0.273 ± 0.007)] compared with the control group[(1.419 ± 0.148), all P < 0.05)]. Conclusions The inhibiting effect of TGF-β1 on primary cultured porcine thyrocytes may be related to its mechanism of inhibiting TPO activity and reduced mRNA expression.

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of young patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), discuss the key points of health education in young patients with AMI, enhance the understanding of patients, and improve the prognosis of AMI in the young patients. Methods: hTe patients were chosen in XiangyaHospital from September 2012 to September 2013. We consulted the medical records, analyzed the clinical characteristics and results of coronary angiogram in young patients (age≤45), and compared with old patients (age≥60). Results: There were 69 young patients with AMI, about 14.2% of all the patients with AMI. Of the 69 young patients, 59 were male (85.5%) and 10 were female (14.5%). Compared with the old patients, the percentages of smoking, drinking, hyperlipidemia and overweight were much higher;the percentages of hypertension and diabetes were much lower in young patients. The coronary angiogram showed that the constituent ratios of insigniifcant disease and single-vessel disease inthe young patients were higher than those in the old patients; the constituent ratios of double-vessel disease and triple-vessel disease in the young patients were lower than those in the old patients. Conclusion: The clinical characteristics of young patients withAMI are different from the old patients.Health education should be conducted in the youth, and new diet and lifestyle should be advocated.

Objective To explore the technique of auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation model in C57BL/6 mice.Method The donor portal vein and hepatic vein were anastomosed with Cuff and suture techniques respectively.The donor bile duct was implanted into recipient duodenum.Result The operation time of harvesting donor's liver and anhepatic phase and recipient was (30 ± 3),(6-± 1) and (58 ± 5) min respectively.The model success rate was 96％,and the 4-week survival rate was 88％.Conclusion The animal model was stable with high success-rate and can be used for the study of auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation.

This study examined the effect of long-term administration of low-dose FTY720 on survival of murine cardiac allograft and the possible mechanism. Murine models of abdominal heterotopic heart transplantation were established. Low-dose FTY720 (0.3 mg/kg) was administrated to the animals 4 days before the transplantation of cardiac allografts until the occurrence of rejection or the observation terminals. The animals without FTY720 treatment and those with syngeneic cardiac grafts transplanted served as controls. The mean survival time (MST) of grafts, and T lymphocyte subsets in grafts, peripheral blood and lymphoid organs were measured by histopathological examination or flow cytometry, and compared among groups. The results showed that the MST of allografts in FTY720-treated mice was more than 40 days, significantly longer than that in the untreated group (MST=8 days, P<0.01). After the long-term administration of FTY720, the proportion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes in peripheral blood was diminished significantly, but the proportion of CD4(+) lymphocytes was increased in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and spleen. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes in allografts was significantly inhibited after long-term administration of low-dose FTY720. It was concluded that low-dose long-term administration of FTY720 could promote T lymphocytes in lymphatic organs and decrease their infiltration in allografts, resulting in the inhibition of rejection and the long-term survival of allografts.

Objective To investigate the effects of glucocorticoid on the changes of serum cortisol and 24-hour urinary cortisol in patients undergoing rheumatic valve replacement.Methods 86 patients undergoing rheumatic valve replacement were respectively given 1000 mg methylprednisolone during extracorporeal circulation and intravenously injected 10 mg dexamethasone on the first three days after operation.The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was taken to detect the serum cortisol concentration and 24-hour urinary cortisol on the day before operation,the 1st,3rd,5th,and 7th day after surgery.The postoperative complications such as the surgical incision and pulmonary infection were observed during the recovery days.Results Serum cortisol concentrations for patients with different preoperative cardiac function classifications had no significant difference at each observation point during the perioperative period (P＞0.05).Serum cortisol concentration showed a downward trend during the first 3 days after surgery.The serum cortisol level on the 3rd day after surgery was lower compared with that before surgery (P＜0.05),whereas 3 days later the serum cortisol concentration increased gradually and got back to the preoperative levels on the 5th day after surgery.The 24-hour urinary cortisol rose to the peak level on the 1st day after surgery,then decreased to the preoperative level on the 3rd day after surgery (P＞0.05).All the patients recovered.No one died or had complications such as pulmonary infection or incisions healing problems.Conclusions The effects of corticosteroids on perioperative serum cortisol levels in patients with rheumatic heart disease were not clearly correlated with preoperative cardiac function classification.Using glucocorticoid in the first three days after surgery reveals transient inhibitory effect on serum cortisol secreting,however,the cortisol level can quickly go back to the preoperative level after stopping giving glucocorticoid.

Objective To investigate the effects of mirror visual feedback (MVF) and electromyographic biofeedback (EMGBF) on upper extremity function in hemiplegic patients after stroke based on task-oriented training. Methods 90 patients with hempiplegia after stroke were randomly divided into control group (n=30), EMGBF group (n=30) and MVF group (n=30). All patients accepted routine rehabilitation and task-oriented training once a day for 8 weeks. The EMGBF group also accepted EMGBF, and the MVF group accepted MVF in addition. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and the Upper Extremity Function Test (UEFT), and their integrated electromyogram (iEMG) of affected upper extremities were recorded before and after treatment. Results All the groups improved in scores of FMA and UEFT, as well as the iEMG after treatment (P<0.05), and ranked as the MVF group, the EMGBF group and the control group from improving more to less (P<0.05). Conclusion Mirror visual feedback combined with electromyographic biofeedback may further promote the recovery of upper limb function in patients with hemiplegia after stroke based on task-oriented training.

Objective To investigate the effects of citric acid on the related indexes of salivary secretion under acid loading in or‐der to optimize the citric acid load method .Methods The saliva samples were collected from 10 young healthy volunteers at 1-90 s before ,at 91-120 s during and at 121-210 s after citric acid loading .The indexes were detected in saliva with mixed loading and after loading .The salivary alpha‐amylase(sAA ) activity ,pH value ,saliva flow rate ,total protein concentration in various groups were detected .The ratio values before and after the acid loading were compared among the groups .Results (1)The sAA activity , saliva pH value and total protein concentrations after acid loading were significantly increased compared before loading (P<0 .05) , moreover the ratio of after loading and before loading was greater than 1(P<0 .05);(2) however in the citric acid mixing ,the sAA activity ,saliva pH value and total protein concentration were decreased compared with before acid loading ,its ratio was less than 1 (P<0 .05) .Conclusion Citric acid affects the secretion result of acid loading saliva secretion ,it is suggested that the saliva under acid loading is separated treated and analyzed .

Objective To investigate the status of cadmium contamination in commercially sold aquatic products and to analyze the risk of dietary intake of cadmium among residents in one district of Shanghai. Methods Multistage sampling was used to collect 397 animal aquatic products from agricultural markets and supermarkets in 11 communities (townships), the District from 2018 to 2019.Cadmium content was tested according to national standard.The status of cadmium contamination was assessed by single factor pollution index(Pi)method.Risk of dietary intake of cadmium among residents was assessed by point evaluation method in combination with food consumption and dietary survey in 2013 and calculation of safe limits for cadmium in various aquatic diets(MOS). Results The detection rate of cadmium was 75.06% in the 397 animal aquatic products and the content of cadmium in 10 samples which crabs were totally exceeded the standard, accounting for 2.52%.The average contents of cadmium in crabs, bivalves which were higher than in shrimps(11.0 μg/kg), gastropods(7.6 μg/kg) and marine fish(3.8 μg/kg) were respectively 140.0 μg/kg and 90.0 μg/kg(χ²=186.41, P < 0.005), but no cadmium was detected in freshwater fish.The single factor pollution index(Pi) of crabs was 0.280 which meant light pollution and the Pi of other kinds of aquatic products was respectively under 0.100 that meant no cadmium contamination.The consumption of animal aquatic products was the highest in freshwater fish followed by shrimps, marine fish and crabs.The MOS of every kind of aquatic products is higher than 1 which meant cadmium intake from commercially sold animal products was an acceptable health risk for the population. Conclusion The risk level of cadmium intake by residents in the district through commercially sold animal aquatic products is relatively low, but the cadmium pollution status of commercially sold crustacean crabs should be vigilant, and the intake of crabs is advised to be reduced as far as possible.Relevant departments should also pay attention and strengthen monitoring and management in this regard.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus(VP)in oysters in Jinshan District, Shanghai and make assessment on the risks that may cause, providing the basis for prevention and control of foodborne disease. Methods Raw oyster samples with shells were randomly collected from markets, supermarkets and restaurants in Jinshan District from July to October in 2017. The content of VP in oysters was tested in accordance with the national standard methods. The semi-quantitative risk assessment for VP in oysters was made by Risk Ranger combining with the monitoring results of diet and health status of residents in Jinshan District of Shanghai in 2012-2013. Results The overall positive rate of VP in the 40 oyster samples was 80.0%(32/40). The positive rate of VP in oyster samples from farmer's markets was the highest, 85.7%(12/14), followed by those from restaurants and supermarkets. The relative risk for VP in raw oysters was 63. The probability of illness caused by VP in oysters per day per consumer of interest was 6.85×10^-4, and the total predicted patients annual incidence rate in this population was 1 247.8/10⁵. Conclusion The contamination of VP in seafood oysters in Jinshan District is serious. Eating raw oysters is at high risk; consumers are advised to reduce or avoid eating raw oysters, and processing food before eating is an effective method to decrease VP infection. Strengthening surveillance and management is imperative in this regard.