Calcium phosphate ceramics, such as tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) are commonly used as bone substitutes. These materials have different physical and chemical properties and, therefore, display different interactions with the host tissue. Factors such as porosity,osteoconductivity,and biocompatibility seem to become increasingly important in the development of new artificial bone replacement materials. This article focuses on the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of calcium phosphate ceramics and the host tissue.

BACKGROUND: Drug-controlled release preparation by drugs or other active substances combined with carriers, has been an important development trend in field of pharmacy. However different characteristics of controlled release drug carrier materials leas to different drug release behaviors, so recent researches focus on a new type of drug carrier material to obtain the satisfactory drug release. OBJECTIVE: To introduce some drug carrier materials, and analyze those materials' characteristics and their application on drug controlled-release. RETRIEVAL STRATEGY: A computer-based search was undertaken on China Journal Full-text Database from January 1998 to June 2007, with the Keywords of "polymeric hydrogel, polylactic acid, chitosan, silk fibroin, drug controlled-release, drug carrier" and language was limited to Chinese. Inclusion criteria: ①preparations and characteristics of various drug carrier materials;②drug controlled release of various drug carrier materials. Exclusion criteria: outdated literatures. LITERATURE EVALUATION: Eighty-six related articles were screened out, and 28 of them met the criteria, including 10 were reviews and others were clinical or basic experiments. DATA SYNTHESIS: ① At present, the materials applied for drug carrier include polymeric hydrogel, polylactic acid/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), chitosan and their derivates, silk fibroin and so on.②Intellectual polymeric hydrogel can respond swelling and contraction for the stimulation of temperature, acidity, pressure and light, etc. And the specific environment sensitiveness enlarges its application in drug delivery system.③Polylactic acid and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), as a kind of biodegradable polymer materials, represent biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxic degradation products. As for controlled release drug carrier material, it can influence drug release by modulating degradation of polylactic acid, so as to increase drug efficacy.④Chitosan is satisfactory in adsorbability, film forming ability and permeability. Water-soluble chitosan with low relative molecular mass is prone to degrade and difficult to accumulate, so chitosan nanoparticles or chitosan microspheres as carriers for drug delivery system have been the hot topic of recent researches.⑤Native polymer material silk fibroin is non-toxic and non-stimulative, shows good physical, chemical and biological characteristics, as well as satisfactory histocompatibility. The pH value responsibility and zymohydrolysis are also observed when loading and releasing drugs. Chemical modification and addition of other compounds will increase the characteristics and the drug-controlled release of silk fibroin. CONCLUSION: Various drug carrier materials show good biocompatibility, biodegradability, physicochemical and biological stability, extremely low toxicity, and high drug loading property. But the material's performance should be synthesized and modified in practical application to satisfy various preparations of drug-controlled release by specific performance and structure.

Polypeptide and protein microspheres can elevate drug availability, but drug devitalization and drug fast release can result in side effects during microsphere preparation. Fast release in the body is a burning question facting investigators who studying microsphere controlled release system. Relative molecular mass, concentration, structure and drug content of the polyme can greatly affect drug fast release. Fast release can be controlled by structural modification, using additives, controlling particl diameter of microspheres and decreasing drug content.

Objective: To study the impact of basic medical insurance on household consumption. Methods: According to the panel data of the east, central and west regions from 2002 to 2011, time and entity fixed effect model (Two-way FE) is established to test the relationship between the basic medical insurance and household consumption. Results: The basic medical insurance has significant positive effects on consumption, the consumption increased 10%, 16% and 19% in regions of East, Middle and West, respectively. Conclusion: The construction and improvement of the social medical insurance system improve the growth of the consumption, and the government should enhance the security, and consider the regional differences at the same time.

Abstract: Objective　To investigate the frequency of peripheral blood T cells among patients positive for both hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and surface antibody (HBsAb). Methods　 Thirty six patients with co-existence of HBsAg and HBsAb diagnosed were enrolled as the experimental group, who were admitted by Shanghai tenth people's hospital and Wuxi 9th people's hospital from 2014 to 2020. while 40 patients tested positive for HBsAg and negative for HBsAb served as controls, who were admitted by Wuxi 9th people's hospital. Flow cytometry was used to detect and compare the proportions of peripheral blood CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells between the experimental and control groups. In addition, the associations of serum HBsAb level with peripheral blood T cell proportions, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were examined among chronic hepatitis B patients with co-existence of HBsAg and HBsAb using Pearson correlation analysis. Results　The median age, gender distribution, mean ALT and AST concentrations, proportion of HBV DNA viral load>103 copies/mL, seroprevalence of HBV E antigen (HBeAg), seroprevalence of HBV E antibody (HBeAb), seroprevalence of HBV core antibody (HBcAb) were comparable between the experimental and control groups, and there were no significant difference in them (P>0.05). There were no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of CD3+ T cell proportion [(71.83±1.50)% vs (72.75±1.47)%; t=0.66, P>0.05], CD4+ T cell proportion [(36.81±1.53)% vs (39.88±1.57)%; t=1.43, P>0.05] and CD8+ T cell proportion [(33.17±2.04)% vs (32.40±1.75)%; t=0.77, P>0.05]. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the serum HBsAb level did not significantly correlate with peripheral blood CD3+ (r=0.026, P=0.65), CD4+ (r=‒0.08, P=0.16) and CD8+ T cell proportions (r=0.09, P=0.24), CD4+/CD8+ T proportion (r=‒0.005, P=0.35), serum ALT (r=0.04, P=0.56) and AST levels (r=0.002, P=0.69) among chronic hepatitis B patients with co-existence of HBsAg and HBsAb. Conclusions　There are no significant differences between HBsAg+/HBsAb+ and HBsAg+/HBsAb- CHB patients in terms of peripheral blood CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proportions.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of fast track surgery ( FTS ) in perioperative nursing care of laparoscopic cholecystectomy . Methods A total of 200 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January and December 2012 were randomly divided into two groups , with 100 cases of each group , receiving either FTS or conventional treatment .Comparison of the two groups in patients rehabilitation and complications were observed . Results The postoperative anal flatus time was significantly shorter in the FTS group (12.0 ±4.4) h than that in the control group (24.9 ±5.4) h (t=-18.519, P=0.000).The postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in the FTS group (3.2 ±1.3) d than that in the control group (4.2 ±2.1) d (t=-4.049, P=0.000).The patients’ weight loss at the 5 postoperative day was significantly less in the FTS group (3.2 ±0.3) kg than that in the control group (5.2 ±0.6) kg (t=-29.814, P=0.000). Conclusion FTS measures applied in laparoscopic cholecystectomy can significantly accelerate postoperative rehabilitation .

Objective To quantify iron deposition in Alzheimer’s disease (AD),amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and normal old people using susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI).Methods Sixty participants (22 aMCI,20 AD,18 normal con-trols)underwent conventional magnetic resonance imaging sequences and SWI using axial/oblique coronal sequences.Phase images were used to calculate bilateral iron deposition in 1 8 regions of interest (ROI)of every participant.The radian angle values were cal-culated and compared between the three groups.Results The radian angle value difference was significant between the aMCI and control groups in the left (L)-hippocampus,L-head of the caudate nucleus,R/L-lenticular nucleus ROIs.The radian angle value difference was significant between the AD and aMCI groups in the R/L-cerebellar hemisphere,R/L-hippocampus,R-red nucleus, R/L-thalamus and splenium of corpus callosum ROIs.Pearson correlation coefficients of the mini-mental state examination (MMSE)scores and many ROIs were significant.Conclusion Iron depositions in the hippocampus,head of the caudate nucleus,len-ticular nucleus and thalamus are significantly different between individuals with aMCI,AD and controls.Using SWI to quantify the iron deposition is a useful tool in detecting aMCI and AD.

Objective To evaluate the changes in the expression of neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) in the spinal cord of mice with bone cancer pain.Methods Forty-eight pathogen-free adult male C3H/HeJ mice,aged 4-6 weeks,weighing 20-25 g,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=24 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S) and bone cancer pain group (group BCP).Bone cancer pain was induced by injecting 2× 105 NCTC2472 osteolytic sarcoma cells in α minimal essential medium into the medullary cavity of the right distal femur in group BCP.Only α minimal essential medium was injected into the medullary cavity of the right distal femur in group S.The mechanical and thermal pain thresholds were measured on 5,7,10 and 14 days after inoculation (T1-4).Six mice in each group were randomly selected after measurement of pain thresholds at T1-4 and sacrificed,and the lumbar enlargement segments of the spinal cord were harvested to detect the expression of NRSF.Results Compared with group S,the mechanical pain threshold at T2-4 and thermal pain threshold at T3.4 were significantly decreased,and the expression of NRSF was significantly down-regulated at T1-4 in group BCP (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism underlying the development of bone cancer pain is probably related to down-regulation of NRSF expression in the spinal cord of mice.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease with unknown etiology,including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD).At present,as the global incidence of inflammatory bowel disease is increasing year by year,the role of the intestinal micro ecology in disease evolution has attracted more and more attention,and as an important part of gut microbes system,the intestinal fungus'changes and effects in disease states are unclear.This paper reviews on the intestinal fungus in the occurrence,development of inflammatory bowel disease from the composition and distribution of the intestinal fungus and its relationship with the gut bacteria,and the immune reaction.

On the anatomy, posterior vitreous cortexneighbors with retina, the relationship of vitreous and retinal is both independent and closely linked. Under pathological condition, changes in the vitreous provides a good environment for occurrence and development of a number of vitreoretinal diseases, which indicates that vitreous plays a crucial role in many vitreoretinal diseases occurrence and growth. Elimination of vitreous change in disease, is an issue of great concern of the ophthalmic industry in recent years. Based on the description of vitreous and vitreoretinal interface structure, changes in the vitreous and retinal adhesion mechanisms and interfaces retinal disease risk factors and the impact on the retinal disease were discussed, And the posterior vitreous detachment impact on the vitreoretinal interface disease, the testing methods and its importance were described in this article.