Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the episodes of febrile neutropenia (FN) in patients with gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), lung cancer (LC), and breast cancer (BC); and to identify the incidence and trends of admission rates, as well as factors affecting mortality. Materials and Methods: Using nationwide claims data, all new admissions to hospitals for FN were selected. We evaluated the incidence of FN and mortality-related clinical factors in adult cancer patients who received cytotoxic chemotherapy from January 2004 to December 2013. Results: While the incidence of FN increased, the length of hospitalization decreased in Korea. The incidence of FN was 19.8% in LC patients, 15.5% in GC patients, 13.3% in BC patients, and 9.5% in CRC patients. The overall in-hospital mortality of FN was 12.9% and showed a decreasing trend. Admission rates to intensive care units and in-hospital mortality were the highest for lung cancer (15.2% and 19.3%, respectively). Age and sepsis syndrome were risk factors for in-hospital mortality for all cancer types. Conclusion Careful observation and active prophylaxis should be considered for patients at high risk of FN.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the episodes of febrile neutropenia (FN) in patients with gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), lung cancer (LC), and breast cancer (BC); and to identify the incidence and trends of admission rates, as well as factors affecting mortality. Materials and Methods: Using nationwide claims data, all new admissions to hospitals for FN were selected. We evaluated the incidence of FN and mortality-related clinical factors in adult cancer patients who received cytotoxic chemotherapy from January 2004 to December 2013. Results: While the incidence of FN increased, the length of hospitalization decreased in Korea. The incidence of FN was 19.8% in LC patients, 15.5% in GC patients, 13.3% in BC patients, and 9.5% in CRC patients. The overall in-hospital mortality of FN was 12.9% and showed a decreasing trend. Admission rates to intensive care units and in-hospital mortality were the highest for lung cancer (15.2% and 19.3%, respectively). Age and sepsis syndrome were risk factors for in-hospital mortality for all cancer types. Conclusion Careful observation and active prophylaxis should be considered for patients at high risk of FN.

PURPOSE: Cetuximab demonstrates improved efficacy outcomes in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) harboring wild-type KRAS exon 2. Resistance to cetuximab is mediated by activating less frequent mutations in the RAS genes beyond KRAS exon 2. We performed extended RAS Mutational analysis using a high-throughput genotyping platform (OncoMap) and evaluated extended RAS analysis for predicting cetuximab efficacy in patients harboring wild-type KRAS exon 2 tumors following Sanger sequencing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extended RAS analysis was performed on 227 wild-type KRAS exon 2 mCRC patients who received cetuximab as salvage treatment using OncoMap ver. 4.0. Targeted genes included exon 2, exon 3, and exon 4, both in KRAS and NRAS, and included BRAF exon 15. We assessed efficacy by the new RAS mutation status. RESULTS: The OncoMap detected 57 additional mutations (25.1%): 25 (11%) in KRAS exon 2 and 32 (14.1%) beyond KRAS exon 2. Survival differences were observed after dividing patients into the wild-type RAS group (n=170) and mutant RAS group (n=57) using OncoMap. Progression-free survival was 4.8 months versus 1.8 months (hazard ratio [HR], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32 to 0.61), and overall survival was 11.9 months versus 8.4 months (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.88). CONCLUSION: Sanger sequencing is not sufficient for selecting candidates for cetuximab treatment. High-throughput extended RAS genotyping is a feasible approach for this purpose and identifies patients who might benefit from cetuximab treatment.
Cetuximab* ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Exons ; Genes, ras ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Salvage Therapy

PURPOSE: Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is a rare genetic syndrome resulting from germline mutations in fumarate hydratase. The combination of bevacizumab plus erlotinib showed promising interim results for HLRCC-associated RCC. Based on these results, we analyzed the outcome of bevacizumab plus erlotinib in Korean patients with HLRCC-associated RCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab plus erlotinib in patients with HLRCC-associated RCC who were confirmed to have germline mutations in fumarate hydratase. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR), while the secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULT: We identified 10 patients with advanced HLRCC-associated RCC who received bevacizumab plus erlotinib. Median age at diagnosis was 41 years, and five of the patients had received the combination as first- or second-line treatments. The ORR was 50% and the median PFS and OS were 13.3 and 14.1 months, respectively. Most adverse events were predictable and manageable by conventional measures, except for one instance where a patient died of gastrointestinal bleeding. CONCLUSION: This is the first real-world outcome of the treatment of advanced HLRCC-associated RCC. Bevacizumab plus erlotinib therapy showed promising activity with moderate toxicity. We should be increasingly aware of HLRCC-associated RCC and bevacizumab plus erlotinib should be a first-line treatment for this condition, unless other promising data are published.
Bevacizumab ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; Diagnosis ; Disease-Free Survival ; Erlotinib Hydrochloride ; Fumarate Hydratase ; Germ-Line Mutation ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Leiomyomatosis ; Retrospective Studies

Purpose: At the end of life, communication is a key factor for good care. However, in clinical practice, it is difficult to adequately discuss end-of-life care. In order to understand and analyze how decision-making related to life-sustaining treatment (LST) is performed, the shared decision-making (SDM) behaviors of physicians were investigated. Methods: A questionnaire was designed after reviewing the literature on attitudes toward SDM or decision-making related to LST. A final item was added after consulting experts. The survey was completed by internal medicine residents and hematologists/medical oncologists who treat terminal cancer patients. Results: In total, 202 respondents completed the questionnaire, and 88.6% said that the decision to continue or end LST is usually a result of SDM since they believed that sufficient explanation is provided to patients and caregivers, patients and caregivers make their own decisions according to their values, and there is sufficient time for patients and caregivers to make a decision. Expected satisfaction with the decisionmaking process was the highest for caregivers (57.4%), followed by physicians (49.5%) and patients (41.1%). In total, 38.1% of respondents said that SDM was adequately practiced when making decisions related to LST. The most common reason for inadequate SDM was time pressure (89.6%). Conclusion Although most physicians answered that they practiced SDM when making decisions regarding LST, satisfactory SDM is rarely practiced in the clinical field. A model for the proper implementation of SDM is needed, and additional studies must be conducted to develop an SDM model in collaboration with other academic organizations.

Purpose: This study aimed to confirm the decision-making patterns for life-sustaining treatment (LST) and analyze medical service utilization changes after enforcement of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decision-Making Act. Materials and Methods: Of 1,237 patients who completed legal forms for life-sustaining treatment (hereafter called the LST form) at three academic hospitals and died at the same institutions, 1,018 cancer patients were included. Medical service utilization and costs were analyzed using claims data. Results: The median time to death from completion of the LST form was three days (range, 0 to 248 days). Of these, 517 people died within two days of completing the document, and 36.1% of all patients prepared the LST form themselves. The frequency of use of the intensive care unit, continuous renal replacement therapy, and mechanical ventilation was significantly higher when the families filled out the form without knowing the patient’s intention. In the top 10% of the medical expense groups, the decision-makers for LST were family members rather than patients (28% patients vs. 32% family members who knew and 40% family members who did not know the patient’s intention). Conclusion The cancer patient’s own decision-making rather than the family’s decision was associated with earlier decision-making, less use of some critical treatments (except chemotherapy) and expensive evaluations, and a trend toward lower medical costs.

Although advances in multi-detector computed tomography (CT) technique make it possible to evaluate peripheral subsegmental pulmonary arteries, several studies have reported that small peripheral embolisms may still be missed. Recently, some reports demonstrated that dual-energy CT improved the capability to detect peripheral pulmonary embolism. We report a case of lymphoma presenting as disseminated microvascular pulmonary tumor embolism, detected by perfusion images using dual energy CT.
Embolism ; Lymphoma ; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating ; Perfusion ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

In 2017, Korean Society of Medical Oncology (KSMO) published the Korean management guideline of metastatic prostate cancer. This paper is the 2nd edition of the Korean management guideline of metastatic prostate cancer. We updated recent many changes of management in metastatic prostate cancer in this 2nd edition guideline. The present guideline consists of the three categories: management of metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer; management of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer; and clinical consideration for treating patients with metastatic prostate cancer. In category 1 and 2, levels of evidence (LEs) have been mentioned according to the general principles of evidence-based medicine. And grades of recommendation (GR) was taken into account the quality of evidence, the balance between desirable and undesirable effects, the values and preferences, and the use of resources and GR were divided into strong recommendations (SR) and weak recommendations (WR). A total of 16 key questions are selected. And we proposed recommendations and described key evidence for each recommendation. The treatment landscape of metastatic prostate cancer is changing very rapid and many trials are ongoing. To verify the results of the future trials is necessary and should be applied to the treatment for metastatic prostate cancer patients in the clinical practice. Especially, many prostate cancer patients are old age, have multiple underlying medical comorbidities, clinicians should be aware of the significance of medical management as well as clinical efficacy of systemic treatment.

In 2017, Korean Society of Medical Oncology (KSMO) published the Korean management guideline of metastatic prostate cancer. This paper is the 2nd edition of the Korean management guideline of metastatic prostate cancer. We updated recent many changes of management in metastatic prostate cancer in this 2nd edition guideline. The present guideline consists of the three categories: management of metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer; management of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer; and clinical consideration for treating patients with metastatic prostate cancer. In category 1 and 2, levels of evidence (LEs) have been mentioned according to the general principles of evidence-based medicine. And grades of recommendation (GR) was taken into account the quality of evidence, the balance between desirable and undesirable effects, the values and preferences, and the use of resources and GR were divided into strong recommendations (SR) and weak recommendations (WR). A total of 16 key questions are selected. And we proposed recommendations and described key evidence for each recommendation. The treatment landscape of metastatic prostate cancer is changing very rapid and many trials are ongoing. To verify the results of the future trials is necessary and should be applied to the treatment for metastatic prostate cancer patients in the clinical practice. Especially, many prostate cancer patients are old age, have multiple underlying medical comorbidities, clinicians should be aware of the significance of medical management as well as clinical efficacy of systemic treatment.