China is the country with the biggest diabetic population in the world.Diabetes has become a heavy financial burden for diabetic patients,families,and society.This article briefly described pharmacoeconomic concepts and analysis methods,and systemically reviewed literatures in health economic data of DPP-4 inhibitors,in the hope of providing a new perspective for clinicians,researchers,and health care policy makers.

Weight management is an important step in the treatment and management for type 2 diabetes.Obesity,especially visceral fat accumulation,impairs the metabolism function.Excess of visceral fat is closely related to the development of insulin resistance,metabolic syndrome,type 2 diabetes,and cardiovascular disease.Liraglutide,the (GLP-1) analogue,shows its effects on glycaemic control as well as weight reduction which mainly involves reduction of visceral fat.The efficacy characteristics of liraglutide may benefit the comprehensive management of type 2 diabetes.

Obesity is associated with numerous metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Losing weight is an effective way of improving insulin sensitivity, thus decreasing the risk of obesityassociated diabetes and chronic cardiovascular disease. There is evidence that Liraglutide, as a human glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) analogue, either using alone or combining with other glucose-lowering drugs, has effect on improving glycemic control, protecting β-cell function, and reducing body weight via inhibiting feeding behavior and delaying gastrointestinal motility. Therefore, liraglutide is a new option for treating type 2 diabetes patients.

[Summary] The incidence of obesity and obesity‐related diseases (such as T2DM) increases year by year in the world. Metabolic surgery has increasingly been applied to patients with severe obesity. Studies have indicated that metabolic surgery is effective in obesity and obesity‐related diseases. Since patients undergoing metabolic surgery are obese or severely obese ,whose physiological and pathological changes are different with those of non‐obese patients ,a comprehensive assessment and management during perioperative period and after the operation were needed. This article mainly expounds preoperative evaluation and preparation ,management of surgery process and postoperative nutrition and endocrine management.

Objective:To investigate the correlation of serum blood pressure, serum lipid, fasting glucose, 2-h postprandial glucose, fasting insulin and uric acid with abdominal obesity in adolescents. Methods: Altogether 174 high-school students (101 male, 73 female, age range: 17-21 years) were selected from Yangpu District of Shanghai and studied in the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, serum lipid, fasting glucose, 2h postprandial glucose, fasting insulin and uric acid. Based on BMI and waist circumference, the subjects were divided into Group A (normal weight), B (non-abdominal obesity) and C (abdominal obesity). Results: Compared with Group A, increased SBP, DBP, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, FINS, HOMA-IR and Ua were observed in Groups B and C, and significantly increased FPG and 2 h PG were noted in Group C (P

Objective To investigate the association of Lys656Asn polymorphism in leptin receptor gene with serum triglyceride level.Methods The genotypes of Lys656Asn polymorphism in LepR gene were maped by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) assay in 232 unrelated subjects of Shanghai Chinese population.The clinical data were also analyzed.Results No significant difference of genotype frequency of Lys656Asn polymorphism in LepR gene was observed between obese and non-obese groups.In obese group,"G" Allele was associated with increased triglyceride level(1.74?0.91 vs 0.95?0.32)(P

Although the medicial sciences greately developed nowadays,diabetes mellitus(DM) which acts as a whole-life disease,remains a difficult problem to overcome.And it is a great challenge of lowering glucose levels effectively,preventing and postponing the onset of chronic complications to improve the quality of DM patients’ life.For better glycemic control,the writer who has many years of clinical experiences on DM therapy,combined results of several large-scale clinical trials,and then summarised the new trends of lowering glucose levels effectively,that is,"SELECT",which means sixkey points of glucose-lowering.

Current therapies of diabetes proven to lowering glucose include metformin,TZDs,sulphanylureas,nateglinide,Repaglinide,acarbose and insulin analogues.Given our better understanding of the beta cell function are slowly emerging.Recently,the gastrointestinal peptide hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4(DPP-4) have been shown to significantly contribute to glucose homeostasis.Meanwhile,other novel prospect for diabetes such as selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR) gamma modulators,inhibitors of sodium glucose co-transporters 2 have been proven to be attractive drug candidates.The therapeutic potential of these molecules are discussed in this review.

Disrupted pancreatic ?-cell function and decreased ?-cell number are two of the main causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Recent studies have indicated that autophagy plays an important role in protecting pancreatic ?-cell and in maintaining the structure,number,and secretive function of pancreatic ?-cell.Although autophagy has been a focus of study in recent years,including areas such as tumor,neural diseases and aging,but its relationship with pancreatic ?-cell was not included.In this paper we review the concept of autophagy and its role in maintaining the normal function of pancreatic ?-cells.

The rat model of obesity was induced by high fat diet and in situ hybridization was performed with oligonucleotide probes.The results showed that expressions of leptin receptor mRNA and neuropeptide Y mRNA were significantly increased, suggesting that these increments might be related to leptin resistance.