Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important cause of hepatic fibrosis,liver cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the important pathological features of HCV infection.IR can accelerate the development of hepatic fibrosis,hepatic steatosis,and HCC and affect the efficacy of antiviral therapy.Therefore,HCV-related IR can be the target of pharmacotherapy during any stage of HCV infection.This article reviews the pathogenesis of IR in patients with hepatitis C,the interaction between them,and the impact of IR on antiviral therapy.

Sex reversal, representing extraordinary sexual plasticity during the life cycle, not only triggers reproduction in animals but also affects reproductive and endocrine system-related diseases and cancers in humans. Sex reversal has been broadly reported in animals; however, an integrated resource hub of sex reversal information is still lacking. Here, we constructed a comprehensive database named ASER (Animal Sex Reversal) by integrating sex reversal-related data of 18 species from teleostei to mammalia. We systematically collected 40,018 published papers and mined the sex reversal-associated genes (SRGs), including their regulatory networks, from 1611 core papers. We annotated homologous genes and computed conservation scores for whole genomes across the 18 species. Furthermore, we collected available RNA-seq datasets and investigated the expression dynamics of SRGs during sex reversal or sex determination processes. In addition, we manually annotated 550 in situ hybridization (ISH), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and im-munohistochemistry (IHC) images of SRGs from the literature and described their spatial expression in the gonads. Collectively, ASER provides a unique and integrated resource for researchers to query and reuse organized data to explore the mechanisms and applications of SRGs in animal breeding and human health. The ASER database is publicly available at http://aser.ihb.ac.cn/.