Aim To investigate the water-soluble phenolic glycosides from the whole plant of Bulbophyllum odoratissimum. Methods Column chromatography techniques were used to isolate the chemical constituents, physico-chemical constants and spectroscopic analysis were employed for structural elucidation. Results Bulbophyllinoside (1), a new phenolic glycoside and three known compounds were isolated from the whole plant of Bulbophyllum odoratissimum Lindl. Their structures were determined as 3-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol 4-O-(6'-O-β-apiofuranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 3-methoxyphenethyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucopynanoside (2), 3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucopynanoside (3) and syringin (4). Conclusion Bulbophyllinoside (1) is a new compound.

OBJECTIVETo conduct the biotransformation of ursolic acid by alternaria longipes AS3. 2875, and optimize the culture medium and biotransformation conditions.

METHODWith the consumption rate of ursolic acid and the generation rate of 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranose ursolic acid as indicators, the impact of different biotransformation conditions such as pH, phosphate, different kinds of metal ions, spore concentration, substrate quantity, temperature, shaking speed and cultivation time on the transformation of ursolic acid in alternaria longipes culture solution were detected to obtain the optimal biotransformation conditions of ursolic acid by alternaria longipes.

RESULTThe optimized biotransformation conditions were as follows: initial pH value was 5.0, MgSO4 was 0.25 g x L(-1) K2HPO4 was 1.0 g x L(-1), FeSO4 was 0.083 g x L(-1), spore concentration was 4%, substrate quantity was 0.3 g x L(-1), shaking speed was 140 r x min(-1), cultivation temperature was at 28 degrees C and cultivating time was 3 days.

CONCLUSIONThe generation rate of 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranose ursolic acid by alternaria longipes stabilizes at around 5%.

Alternaria ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Biotransformation ; Culture Media ; metabolism ; Culture Techniques ; methods ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Temperature ; Triterpenes ; analysis ; metabolism

The genus Rosa (Rosaceae family) includes about 200 species spread in the world, and this genus shows unique advantages in medicine and food. To date, several scholars concentrated on compounds belonging to flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, polysaccharide, phenolic acids, fatty acids, organic acids, carotenoids, and vitamins. Pharmacological effects such as antineoplastic and anti-cancer properties, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, liver protection, regulate blood sugar, antimicrobial activity, antiviral activity, as well as nervous system protection and cardiovascular protection were wildly reported. This article reviews the chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, applications and safety evaluations of Rosa plants, which provides a reference for the comprehensive utilization of medicine and food resources and gives a scientific basis for the development of medicinal plants of the genus Rosa.

Objective:To investigate influences of ginsenoside Rg1 regulating miR-144-3p on neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier damage in rats with experimental cerebral hemorrhage,and its regulation on formyl peptide receptor 2(FPR2)/p38 path-way.Methods:Ninety SD rats were randomly divided into control group,cerebral hemorrhage group,ginsenoside Rg1 low-dose group(10 mg/kg),ginsenoside Rg1 high-dose group(40 mg/kg),ginsenoside Rg1 high-dose+ago-miR-144-3p group(40 mg/kg ginseno-side Rg1+ago-miR-144-3p),with 18 mice in each group.Except for control group,experimental intracerebral hemorrhage rat model was constructed by injecting collagenase Ⅱ into right caudate nucleus,and then each group was given intraperitoneal administration and intracerebral injection as required.Neurological damage in rats was scored;rat brain water content was determined by dry-wet spe-cific gravity method;levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in rat brain tissues homogenate were determined by ELISA;ultrastructure around cerebral edema was observed by electron microscope;permeability of blood-brain barrier in rats was determined by Evans blue(EB)method;expressions of miR-144-3p/FPR2/p38 pathway were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot.Results:Compared with control group,blood-brain barrier damage was aggravated in cerebral hemorrhage group,neurological function damage score,brain water content,miR-144-3p,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,p38 mRNA,p-p38/p38 expressions in brain homogenate were increased(P<0.05),FPR2 mRNA and protein expressions were decreased(P<0.05);compared with cerebral hemorrhage group,blood-brain barrier damage was reduced in ginsenoside Rg1 low-dose group and ginsenoside Rg1 high-dose group,neurological function damage score,brain water content,miR-144-3p,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,p38 mRNA,p-p38/p38 expressions in brain homogenate were decreased(P<0.05),FPR2 mRNA and protein expressions were increased(P<0.05);ago-miR-144-3p was able to reverse protective effects of gin-senoside Rg1 on blood-brain barrier and neuroinflammation in rats(P<0.05).Conclusion:Ginsenoside Rg1 may inhibit blood-brain barrier damage and neuroinflammation in rats by regulating miR-144-3p/FPR2/p38 axis.

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), a common disease of digestive system, is an extremely important cause of gastric cancer (GC). The occurrence and development of CAG involves the abnormality of multiple signaling pathways. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) has the advantages of mild action, multi-target and small adverse reaction, etc., which broadens the way for the treatment of the disease, and TCMs can play a therapeutic role by regulating multiple signaling pathways. In this review, based on the related experiments of TCMs and Chinese herbal compounds in recent years, the related literatures were searched and 10 kinds of signaling pathways involved were summarized, in order to provide a reference for further research on reversing or delaying the progress of CAG and preventing gastric cancer.