Type 2 diabetes is a hypermetabolic disease characterized with disorders of glucose/lipid metabolism, absolute or relative lack of insulin, and can induce skeletal muscle atrophy. Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and abnormal release of inflammatory factors can lead to abnormal signal transduction in skeletal muscle, thus make protein synthesis and degradation imbalance and eventually causing muscle atrophy. Under normal conditions, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/insulin can activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT). AKT not only increases protein synthesis through mammalian target protein of rapamycin (mTOR), but also phosphorylates forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factor and then inhibits the transcription of several ubiquitin ligases (such as MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF1), or autophagy related genes. The weakened IGF-1/PI3K/AKT pathway in type 2 diabetes is an important factor leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Studies have shown that the commonly used anti-type 2 diabetic drugs have different effects in regulating the synthesis and degradation of skeletal muscle protein. Studies reported that drugs with effect of anti-diabetic muscle atrophy include thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide analogs, glucose-sodium cotransporter 2 inhibitors, etc.; drugs that are still in controversial or even promote skeletal muscle atrophy include metformin, and some sulfonylurea or non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues. This article overviewed and analyzed the currently commonly used drugs for type 2 diabetes and summarized the related mechanisms, with the aim to provide references for the rational applications of drugs for type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical effects of single posterior debridement, bone grafting, internal fixation and local chemotherapy in treating thoracolumbar spinal tuberculosis.

METHODSFrom February 2009 to September 2012,11 patients with thoracolumbar spinal tuberculosis were treated by single posterior debridement, bone grafting, internal fixation and local chemotherapy. There were 7 males and 4 females, aged from 27 to 65 years old with an average of 53.7 years. The courses of disease was from 3 months to 2 years with the mean of 9 months. According to ASIA standard of spinal cord injury, 3 cases were grade C and 8 cases D. After treatment, clinical effects were evaluated by ASIA grade, visual analogue score (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI); kyphosis Cobb angle change was observed by X-rays.

RESULTSEleven patients were followed up from 12 to 29 months with an average of 18 months. ASIA grade of spinal cord injury, 3 patients with grade C improved to grade D in 2 cases and grade E in 1 case 8 patients with grade D improved to grade E in 7 cases and unchanged in 1 case. VAS decreased from preoperative 6.10 ± 1.30 to 1.70 ± 0.80 at 3 d after operation (P < 0.05). ODI improved from preoperative (68.36 ± 10.41)% to (14.55 ± 8.99)% (P < 0.05) at 3 d after operation. Kyphotic Cobb angle was corrected from preoperative (22.64 ± 4.84)° to (4.27 ± 1.49)° (P < 0.05) on the 3rd day after operation, and angle loss was mild at final follow-up, there was no significant difference between postoperative at 3 d and final follow-up.

CONCLUSIONSingle posterior debridement, bone grafting, internal fixation and local chemotherapy for the treatment of thoracolumbar spinal tuberculosis can effectively remove the lesion, improve nerve function and correct deformity, has advantage of single incision, little trauma, and low recurrence rate. But it still need long-term and systemic treatment with anti-TB drugs.

Adult ; Aged ; Bone Transplantation ; Debridement ; Female ; Humans ; Internal Fixators ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Thoracic Vertebrae ; surgery ; Tuberculosis, Spinal ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of Cinnamyl aldehyde (CA) on NIH3T3 cell cycle and explore the possible mechanism further.

METHODFlowcytometry was used for observing cell cycle distribution. Expressions of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Cyclin D1 protein in NIH3T3 cells were assessed by immunocytochemistry.

RESULTAfter culture with CA for 24 hours, the percentage of populations of S phase was enhanced by 3% (P < 0.05) and cell proliferation index (PrI, S + G2/M) was increased by 3.5% (P < 0.01) , but G2/M phase had no obvious changes. The expressions of Cyclin D1 and PCNA proteins were improved markly by CA compared with controlgroup (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONCA could promote more cells in G0/G1 phase into S phase, which may be related to the regulation of the expressions of PCNA and Cyclin D1.

Acrolein ; analogs & derivatives ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cinnamomum ; chemistry ; Cyclin D1 ; metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; metabolism ; S Phase ; drug effects

PCR method was used to introduce the code sequence of Factor Xa cleavage site to the 5′ end of cecropin CMIV mutant gene X, then the gene was cloned into the expression vector pGEX-KG, and was highly expressed in E. coli BL21 by IPTG induction. The fusion protein was purified by affinity-chromatography and was cleaved by Factor Xa. Cecropin X with antibacterial activity was obtained after purified by ion-exchange chromatography.

AIM: Accommodation is one of the most important functions of human eye, while its mechanism is still under discussion. This paper aimed to study accommodation mechanism with numerical simulation.METHODS: A simulation model was constructed to study the mechanism of accommodation based on the experimental data derived from published resources. The displacement and pressure are applied on the model to study the deformation of lens during accommodating.RESULTS: The simulation showed that, as the eye was accommodating, the thickness of the lens increased linearly,and the lens diameter decreased linearly. The optical power of the lens increased as the accommodation increased. This result was accord with the public facts in accommodation.Furthermore, the pressure was found to have a great influence on the shape of the lens and the optical power. The lens became thinner and flatter as the pressure increased and the pressure caused a remarkable increase of lens' optical power.CONCLUSION: The outcome of this paper is consistent with the Helmholtz's hypothesis on accommodation to some extent. The analytical model presented in this paper can be used in the theoretical study of the accommodation mechanism of the human lens.

BACKGROUNDAppropriate planning and staffing for medical services at large-scale athletic events is essential to provide for a safe and successful competition. There are few well-documented accounts describing the demand for such services. The present study provided the data from the Beijing 2008 Olympics and Paralympics, with a view to provide the guidance for planning future events.

METHODSA total of 22 029 and 8046 patients, who received medical care from a physician at an Olympic or Paralympic medical station, were included. The patient proportion among different personnel, various disease proportions at different kinds of venues, and the disease spectrum at specified venues at the Olympics and Paralympics were analyzed.

RESULTSAt both games, the patient proportion varied by accreditation status. The staff accounted for the largest number of visits at the Olympics (44.83%) and Paralympics (36.95%), with respiratory diseases the most common. Various disease spectrums were discovered at the different kinds of venues. Surgical diseases were the most frequently listed reason for visits, both at competition and non-competition venues, especially during the Paralympics. The sport-related injuries accounted for a majority of the surgical cases during both games. At training venues, ear nose and throat diseases accounted for the greatest number of visits during both games.

CONCLUSIONSDuring both games, people contracted different diseases at different venues. Adequate surgeons should be designated to offer assistance mostly in trauma situations. Appropriate numbers of physicians in respiratory diseases and otorhinolaryngology is of great importance.

Anniversaries and Special Events ; China ; Emergency Medical Services ; utilization ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; Public Health ; statistics & numerical data ; Sports

OBJECTIVETo understand the trend of incidence of conjoined twins and its epidemiological characteristics in China during 1996 to 2004.

METHODSA descriptive epidemiology of conjoined twinning in China from 1996 to 2004 was investigated by using data from National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring Program (NCBDMP). Data were collected from more than 400 hospital-based units involved in the program. The monitored subjects were the hospitalized births from 28 weeks gestation to a period within 7 days after delivery.

RESULTS122 conjoined twins were found in 4,282,536 births with an incidence rate of 0. 28 per 10,000. Incidence of conjoined twins was 0.20 per 10,000 and 0.47 per 10,000 in the rural and urban areas, respectively, and the statistical significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed., Incidence of conjoined twins was for 0.17 per 10,000 and 0.36 per 10,000 in boys and girls, respectively. Conjoined twins were more common among females than males, the live-born rate was 41.32%, and the perinatal mortality was 82.6%. 53.7% conjoined twins can be diagnosed prenatally.

CONCLUSIONThe results indicate that the incidence of conjoined twins in China is higher than that in Western countries. It is necessary to improve the prenatal diagnostic techniques and management.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Congenital Abnormalities ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third ; Sampling Studies ; Twins, Conjoined

Objective To investigate the geographic distribution panem of patients with anorectal atresia/stenosis in China.in order to provide clue for research on its etiology.Methods Data were collected from Chinese Birth Defects Monitoring Network(CBDMN),which was a hospital-based congenital malformations registry system.From 2001 to 2005,all fetuses with more than 28 weeks of gestation and neonates up to 7 days of age,were monitored.Two-dimensional graphic cluster method was used to divide monitoring stations into difierent classes with the incidence rates of anorectal atresia/stenosis.Results The overall incidence of anorectal atresia/stenosis was 3.17 per 10000 during 2001 to 2005.The incidence was higher in Eastern than that in Mid or Western paas of China and tbe difierence was statistically significant(z=2.50,3.69;P=0.012,＜0.001).The monitoring stations were grouped into 6 classes.Class I was with Helongjiang,Jilin and Liaoling;Class Ⅱ was with Fujian,Guangdong,Hainan,Guangxi,and South Hunan and Jiangxi;ClassⅢwas with Beijing,Tianjin,Hebei,Shandong,and Noah Jiangsu and Anhui;Class Ⅳ was with Zhejiang,Shanghai,South Anhui and Jiangsu,Noah Hunan and Jiangxi,Hubei,Henan,Shanxi and Inner Mongolia,Class V was with Ningxia,Gansu and Qinghai;and Class Ⅳ was with Shaanxi,Sichuan,Chongqing,Yunnan,Guizhou.Xinjiang and Tibet.Conclusion Our findings discovered the geographic distribution patterns of patients with anorectal atresia/stenosis in China.It is important to further analyze the relevant environmental factors attached to it so a beRer regional monitoring system for anorectal atresia/stenosis can be operated.

reproducible, and may cover the major circulating strains in China.

Objective To investigate the relationship between dyslipidemia and nephrolithiasis in a population-based study.Methods All participants were investigated by questionnaires,physical examinations and laboratory tests including liver and renal function,lipid profile,serum fasting glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin.Nephrolithiasis was diagnosed by kidney Bultrasonography.Subjects with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ＜ 60 ml · min-1 · (1.73 m2)-1were excluded.Results 10 316 individuals were enrolled with an average age of (54.88 ± 10.27) years (range 17-88 years) and the ratio of male to female 1:1.12.The prevalence of nephrolithiasis was 5.6％,3.7％ and 7.8％ for whole population,women and men,respectively.In women,only eGFR in stone group was significantly lower than that in non-stone group (P ＜ 0.05).However,participants in stone group were significantly older (P ＜ 0.05),of higher blood pressure (P ＜ 0.01),higher serum uric acid (P ＜ 0.01),worse renal function (serum creatinine,P ＜ 0.05;eGFR,P ＜ 0.01),and higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P ＜ 0.05),compared with those in non-stone group in men.Logistic regression analysis showed that only eGFR (P ＜ 0.05) was the independent influential factor for kidney stones in women;In men,LDL was an independent influential factor for nephrolithiasis with a hazard ratio of 1.149 (95％CI 1.003-1.317,P ＜ 0.05),except for mean blood pressure and eGFR.After being divided into normal group,borderline high group and high LDL group according to the LDL level,with the increase of LDL,the prevalence of nephrolithiasis was significantly increased by 7.3％,8.3％ and 10.6％ in men respectively.There was no significant relationship between total cholesterol,triglyceride,high-density lipoprotein and nephrolithiasis.Conclusions Dyslipidemia is associated with nephrolithiasis in men,and high LDL cholesterol is an independent risk factor for nephrolithiasis.Clinical lipid testing not only helps to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic disease,but also reduces the risk of kidney stones.