OBJECTIVE:To prepare nicotine ethosome and study its transdermal permeability in vitro. METHODS:Injection method was adopted to prepare nicotine ethosome. Single-factor test was conducted to study the effects of the amounts of ethanol and phospholipid on the particle size and encapsulation efficiency of the ethosome. Franz diffusion cell was employed to conduct permeability test on excised rat skin to compare cumulative permeating quantities of the nicotine in nicotine ethosome,nicotine lipo-some and nicotine ethanol solution. Confocal laser scanning electron microscope was applied to observe the penetration depths of rhodamine B-containing nicotine ethosome,nicotine liposome and the solution of nicotine ethanol solution in the in vitro rat skin. RESULTS:When the formulation contained 3%(m/V)phospholipid and 35%(V/V)ethanol,the obtained nicotine ethosome had the smallest particle size [(105 ± 11.5) nm] and the highest encapsulation efficiency [(89.13 ± 6.12)%]. Compared with nicotine ethosome and the nicotine ethanol solution,nicotine ethosome had the largest cumulative permeating quantity in vitro at 12 h. Fur-thermore,the above-mentioned 3 preparations all became saturated in permeability at 12 h with the penetration depths of 80 μm, 156 μm and 175 μm,respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The nicotine ethosome that can increase the transdermal permeability of nico-tine has been prepared successfully.

PurposeTo explore MRI manifestations and diagnostic value of progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) in patient with coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Materials and Methods Twenty-four patients with PMF coal workers' pneumoconiosis underwent conventional MRI including T1WI, T2WI and SPIR. The signal intensity and morphological changes were analyzed.Results In 24 patients, there were 16 cases with bilateral pulmonary lesions and 8 cases with unilateral lesions. PMF was located in the upper lung field in 11 cases and in the upper and middle lung fields in 13 cases. The morphology of the lesions was stripe, round or irregular in shape. PMF were mainly isointense on T1WI, similar to adjacent soft tissue, and heterogeneous iso- or hypointense on T2WI and SPIR with patchy or stripe-like hypointensity.Conclusion PMF of coal workers' pneumoconiosis appears as a mass with iso- or hypointensity on T2WI and SPIR, with characteristic patchy-or stripe-like hypointensity. MRI is helpful in diagnosing PMF.

Objective To retrospectively study the variation of glucose in patients with insulinomas. Methods The medical records of patients who underwent operations in the last 20 years at Peking Union Medical College Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who received repeated operations, or just exploratory laparotomy or liver biopsy were excluded. The clinical data were collected and analyzed. Results There were 245 patients, including 103 males and 142 females. The mean age was (42.2+ 14.6) years old. The mean value of preoperative fasting glucose was (1.47+0. 57) mmol/L, and the ratio of insulin to glucose was greater than 0.3 in 87.4% patients. The glucose level rose gradually after removal of the tumor(s). The blood sugar rising more than 1 time over the baseline value at one hour after resection was observed in 79.6% patients. For all the other patients, the glucose level rose to this level in the morning of the first postoperative Day 1. Rebound hyperglycemia was common after operations, and the glucose gradually returned to normal, with a mean level of 5.56 mmol/L at the time when the patients were discharged home. Conclusions Patients with insulinomas had a serum fluctuation in glucose (low→high→normal) during the perioperative period.Intraoperative glucose test combined with ultrasound and frozen section helped to localize and to remove all the lesions. Rebound hyperglycemia after surgery should be treated with insulin pump actively to minimize the incidence of complications.

OBJECTIVETo detect the in-vitro effects of arbidol hydrochloride against 2009 new influenza virus A (H1N1).

METHODSThe activity of arbidol hydrochloride against 2009 new influenza virus A (H1N1) was determined in MDCK cell cultures. Hemagglutination assay, observation of cytopathic effects, RT-PCR and quantitative RT-PCR tests were performed for determination of virus titers. Inhibition concentration 50% and cytotoxic concentration 50% were calculated with Chou's Menu of Dose-Effect Program.

RESULTSArbidol hydrochloride showed low cytotoxicity (cytotoxic concentration 50%>100 μmol/L)and significant anti-2009 new influenza virus A (H1N1) activity in cell cultures. Inhibition concentration 50% were (5.5 ± 0.9), (3.4 ± 0.8), and (1.5 ± 0.2) μmol/L in hemagglutination assay, cytopathic effect test, and quantitative RT-PCR assay, respectively.

CONCLUSIONArbidol has low cytotoxicity and high anti-virus activity and can effectively trigger the activities of interferon and immune response, and therefore can be a valuable anti-influenza virus drug.

Animals ; Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Dogs ; Indoles ; pharmacology ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; drug effects ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Virus Replication ; drug effects

Objective To study the stability of micro-implant orthodontic anchorage(MA)with different pitch in the case of immediate loading.Method Employing 3D finite element analysis method,the stress and dis-placement distribution on the bone interface of MIA with different pitch(0.3 mm、0.5 mm、0.7 mm and 1.0 mm,respectively),which was 1.47 N loaded vertically in the major axis direction,were analyzed.Result The pitch affected the stress distribution significantly,because the maximum stress increased with the pitch decreasing and the impact of pitch on stress distribution on neck and central locations of MIA were different;to decrease the pitch could reduce the max displacement of the jaw,but the impact of pitch on displacement distribution of MIA was not significant.Condusions In the case of immediate loading.MIA with pitch 0.5 mm-0.7 mm is suggested to be selected as orthodontic anchorage in the clinic.

Objective Clutching internal fixtor(CIF)loose and the fixed part weakly heal up are often found in orthopedic clinic.In the present paper,biomechanics methods were used to try to explain and analyze these issues,providing a helpful suggestion for the application of CIF in clinic.Method Commerical finite element models(FEM)Program ANSYS was applied to set up the finite element models of orthopedic CIF and bone tissue to analyze and evaluate the biomechanical performances of the NiTi shape memory alloy CIF.Results There is an interaction force between embracing force of CIF and resistant force of bone tissue during the orthopedic clinical treatment.The embracing force along two semi-circular arms of CIF is increasing from the open position and reached the maximum value at the open symmetry position where the deformation of the bone occurred.Conclusion It is the key to choose the force loading position during the practical treatment,as the concentration force is the main force when there is an interactive force between the bone and the CIF.

Objective To study the stability of micro-implant orthodontic anchorage(MA)with different pitch in the case of immediate loading.Method Employing 3D finite element analysis method,the stress and dis-placement distribution on the bone interface of MIA with different pitch(0.3 mm、0.5 mm、0.7 mm and 1.0 mm,respectively),which was 1.47 N loaded vertically in the major axis direction,were analyzed.Result The pitch affected the stress distribution significantly,because the maximum stress increased with the pitch decreasing and the impact of pitch on stress distribution on neck and central locations of MIA were different;to decrease the pitch could reduce the max displacement of the jaw,but the impact of pitch on displacement distribution of MIA was not significant.Condusions In the case of immediate loading.MIA with pitch 0.5 mm-0.7 mm is suggested to be selected as orthodontic anchorage in the clinic.

Objective Clutching internal fixtor(CIF)loose and the fixed part weakly heal up are often found in orthopedic clinic.In the present paper,biomechanics methods were used to try to explain and analyze these issues,providing a helpful suggestion for the application of CIF in clinic.Method Commerical finite element models(FEM)Program ANSYS was applied to set up the finite element models of orthopedic CIF and bone tissue to analyze and evaluate the biomechanical performances of the NiTi shape memory alloy CIF.Results There is an interaction force between embracing force of CIF and resistant force of bone tissue during the orthopedic clinical treatment.The embracing force along two semi-circular arms of CIF is increasing from the open position and reached the maximum value at the open symmetry position where the deformation of the bone occurred.Conclusion It is the key to choose the force loading position during the practical treatment,as the concentration force is the main force when there is an interactive force between the bone and the CIF.

Objective To summarize the clinical experience of segmental living related liver transplantation for very small infant with biliary atresia. Methods The recipient was a 145-day-old male with congenital biliary atresia. The infant was 66 cm in height and weighed 3.08 kg. The donor was his 36-year-old mother. Her segment Ⅱ of the liver was excised and orthotopically transplanted into the infant's body as the graft. The portal vein of the graft was end-to-end anastomosed to the portal vein of the recipient, the hepatic artery of the graft was end-to-end anastomosed to the proper hepatic artery of the recipient with lateral superficial vein of left great saphenous vein from donor as a bridge, and the hepatic vein was end-to-end anastomosed to the hepatic vein of the recipient whose hepatic vein was conformed from right, middle and left hepatic vein. Biliary tract was reconstructed via Roux-en-Y operation. Results Segment Ⅱ (160 g) of liver from donor was resected, and there was no blood infusion. The donor retained her liver function within 5 days and was discharged on the eighth day. The operating time of graft implantation was 451 min. The blood loss was 250 ml. Non-liver stage was 71 min. The cold ischemic time was 132 min. Cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and prednisone were used for postoperative immunosuppression. The bilirubin level of the infant was decreased to the normal level one week after operation, and the liver function became normal in 9 days. Jejuno-leakage on the 7th day after the transplantation was recovered by mend and drainage and discharged on the 35th day. The donor and recipient were in satisfactory condition to present. Conclusion The segmental living related liver transplantation is advisable for very small infant with biliary atresia. Perfect operative technique and postoperative intensive care are the keys to ensure the success of the procedure.

Objective To investigate the cause of jejunum perforation after infantile livingrelated liver transplantation (ILRLT) and summarize the experience of treatment. Methods The clinical data of 28 infants with biliary atresia who underwent ILRLT were analyzed and 4 of 28 infantile recipients (14. 3%) developed jejunum perforation after ILDLT. Results Four patients had 7 episodes of jejunum perforation after transplantation among 28 infantile recipients who underwent ILRLT because of biliary atresia. The median time between transplantation and perforation was 11 days.Perforation occurred at the point of silk in jejunum stoma (n = 3) and the Roux-en-Y limb (n = 1 ).None had a history of prior operation including Kasai in 4 patients. Clinical manifestation included fever, increased heart rate, abdominal distention, leukocytosis, and no free air on abdominal roentgenograrns. A simple repair was performed in three infants with silk: two developed recurrent perforation (67%) and underwent a re-exploration,and another had a third perforation and underwent a third repair because of re-perforation. Another child underwent a simple repair with prolene, and there was no recurrence. None died from the perforation in our study. Conclusion The occurrence and location of jejunum perforation after ILDLT suggests that the cause of the perforation is related to the jejunal anastomosis with silk, and the jejunum perforation may be avoided in the jejunal anastomosis with prolene. Early diagnosis and exploration may ensure better survival.