OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of "fake bad" and "fake good" patients with traumatic head injury in neuropsychological tests. METHODS: We measured subjective symptoms by SCL-90-R and objective symptoms by McBride obstacle-valuation measure. The patient was divided into three groups according to differences between subjective and objective symptoms. We also examined their intelligence, memory, clinical characteristics, using K-WAIS, K-MAS, MMPI. RESULTS: The group who overly expressed their subjective symptoms has its psychotic symptom exaggeratingly measured, so it will be helpful to be careful to such over-expressed symptoms in those who present a psychotic symptom in a clinical view-point. An K-WAIS measurement among those who exaggerated their subjective symptoms showed less value than the actual one, which weakens the reliability of this intelligent test. Rather, for that group, the result of K-MAS can be used with a confidence in the estimation of their severity of symptoms. CONCLUSION: MMPI and neuropsychological tests are helpful to understand characteristics between subjective symptoms and objective disabilities of patients with traumatic head injury.
Craniocerebral Trauma* ; Head* ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Memory ; MMPI* ; Neuropsychological Tests*

To investigate psychopathology and executive functions of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children according to intelligence level, this study included 197 ADHD children who visited the outpatient department of neuropsychiatry of YeungNam University Medical Center, from July 2000 to June 2002. The children were divided into groups based on their intelligence levels. They were compared by the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC), Conncers' Continuous Performence Test (CPT), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). There were significant differences in PIC, on the subscales of verbal development, socialization and autism. In the CPT, there was no significant difference. In the WCST, there were significant differences in the total number of errors, the number of perseverative errors, the number of completed categories and the number of trials needed to complete the first category. Considering these results, the intelligence level of ADHD children is related to their disabilities and behavioral symptoms. Executive functions such as abstract thinking, categorization, working memory and flexibility had significant relationship to the intelligence levels of ADHD children. Therefore, the intelligence level of children with ADHD influences the higher executive functions of regulating attention and information processing rather than attentional functions and capacity alone.
Academic Medical Centers ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Autistic Disorder ; Automatic Data Processing ; Behavioral Symptoms ; Child* ; Executive Function* ; Humans ; Intelligence* ; Memory, Short-Term ; Neuropsychiatry ; Outpatients ; Personality Inventory ; Pliability ; Psychopathology* ; Socialization ; Thinking ; Wisconsin

Flt3 Ligand (FL) and IL-6 are multifunctional cytokines implicated in normal hematopoiesis and ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells. Retroviral vectors are useful for stable expression of genes in many cells. Here, we aimed to produce retroviral vectors directing expression of human FL and IL-6 genes. Recombinant retroviral vectors containing human genes for FL and IL-6 were constructed using a retroviral vector pLXSN. Recombinant retroviruses were produced from GP2-293 cells with the aid of pseudo-envelope protein gene VSV-G, and efficiently transduced to a mouse stromal cell line OP9. Genetically modified OP9 cells clearly showed expression of human FL or IL-6 gene at the mRNA level determined by RT-PCR. Based on the results from ELISA, human FL and IL-6 were detected in the cell culture medium of OP9/FL and OP9/IL-6 cells, respectively. As the recombinant human FL and IL-6 proteins are successfully produced and secreted to the culture medium, this system can be useful in future application such as ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and differentiation of embryonic stem cells.
Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cytokines ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hematopoiesis ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Humans* ; Interleukin-6* ; Mice* ; Retroviridae* ; RNA, Messenger ; Stromal Cells* ; Zidovudine

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the differences in psychiatric comorbidities and behavioral aspects in accordance with the severity of Internet addiction in male adolescents. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-five adolescents from four middle and high schools in Seoul were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided into non-addict, abuse, and dependence groups according to a diagnostic interview by psychiatrists. The psychiatric comorbidities and behavioral aspects of subjects were evaluated through psychiatric clinical interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition), the Children's Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Internet Addiction Test, and a self-reported questionnaire about behavioral aspects. RESULTS: The psychiatric comorbidity distributions were significantly different in the abuse and dependence groups, particularly in terms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and mood disorder items. The Children's Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Internet Addiction Test scores were also significantly different among the three groups. There were significant differences in 10 of the 20 items of the Internet Addiction Test between the non-addict, abuse, and dependence groups. There were significant differences in seven items between the non-addict and abuse groups, but no differences between subjects in the abuse and dependence groups. Significant differences were observed in three items between the abuse and dependence groups, but there were no significant differences between the non-addict and abuse groups. In terms of behavioral aspects, scores for abusive, sexual, and decreased social interest behaviors were highest in the dependence group, and lowest in the non-addict group. However, the behavioral aspects of decreased interpersonal relationships did not show this difference between groups. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that there are differences in psychiatric comorbidities and behavioral aspects between adolescent males with characteristics of Internet abuse and Internet dependence.
Adolescent* ; Anxiety ; Comorbidity* ; Depression ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Internet* ; Male ; Mood Disorders ; Psychiatry ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul

This study examined 60 children with ADHD through K-ABC, ADDES-HV, ADD-H comprehensive teacher's rating scale (ACTeRS), CAP, SNAP, Academic Performance rating scale, K-PIC, CPT and WCST in order to estimate the effects of methylphenidate, and find out various factors which can influence on treatment responses and predictive factors of treatment. Boys showed better improvement in impulsiveness of behavior symptoms than girls, but girls showed better improvement in trials to completed the first category in WCST. In the aspect of age, the lower graders (age 7-9) showed improvement in sequential processing ability of intelligence but the higher graders (age 10-12) showed deterioration. In the aspect of sub-categories of ADHD, children with mixed type who had been worse in attention deficit and behavior symptoms in pretreatment state, showed significantly higher improvement than children with predominantly inattentive type in every scopes of behavior symptom check list. And in clusters of K-PIC, after treatments the group those who had have more anxiety or depression showed better improvement in omission error in CPT. In the aspect of intelligence level, children with average intelligence showed better improvement in impulsiveness and impulse control than the rests. In the aspect of executive functions, the less omission errors in CPT one made, the better improvement in attention and academic ability he showed. And the less perseverative response in WCST one had, the better improvement in hyperactivity he showed however his simultaneous processing abilities were deteriorated. With these results, this study confirms that methylphenidate is effective in behavior symptoms, academic performance, intelligence and various performance abilities of children with ADHD including attention and response control. In the cases of the children with severe ADHD symptoms, especially behavioral disinhibition and the children with mixed type of ADHD, it is considered useful to predict the results of treatments.
Anxiety ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Child* ; Depression ; Executive Function ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Methylphenidate

The purpose of this study is to investigate the concentration of plasma choline of Korean and to clarify the relationship between plasma choline concentration and choline intake. Plasma choline concentration of 30 young adults (15 males, 15 females) aged 20 - 30 years living in Deajeon metropolitan city are analyzed and their dietary choline intake. Choline content of one day meal was directly analyzed with the use of enzymatic method. Plasma choline concentration from more than 12 hr fasting blood was analyzed by using HPLC-MS. Choline intakes of male subjects were in the range of 253.51 - 1724.14 mg and those of female subjects were in the range of 240.85 - 938.06 mg. Mean intakes of choline were 634.53+/-353.68 mg in male subjects and 473.99+/-183.76 mg in female subjects. Plasma choline concentration of total subjects was in the range of 5.08 - 14.01 micro mol/L. Mean plasma choline concentration was 9.19+/-2.05 micro mol/L in male subjects and 8.11+/-1.70 micro mol/L in female subjects. Plasma choline concentration did not show significant correlation with choline intake in male and total subjects, but showed positive correlation with choline intake in female subjects (p<0.05). This result shows that more studies on large scaled samples are needed.
Choline* ; Daejeon ; Fasting ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Plasma* ; Young Adult*

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been reported to be involved in negatively regulating the effects of addictive disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate alterations in the levels of GDNF in patients with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and to assess the relationship between GDNF levels and the severity of IGD indices. Nineteen male patients with IGD and 19 sexmatched control subjects were evaluated for alteration of plasma GDNF levels and for relationship between GDNF levels and clinical characteristics of Internet gaming, including the Young's Internet Addiction Test (Y-IAT). The GDNF levels were found to be significantly low in patients with IGD (103.2±62.0 pg/mL) compared with the levels of controls (245.2±101.6 pg/mL, p<0.001). GDNF levels were negatively correlated with Y-IAT scores (Spearman's rho=-0.645, p=<0.001) and this negative correlation remained even after controlling for multiple variables (r=-0.370, p=0.048). These findings support the assumed role of GDNF in the regulation of IGD.
Case-Control Studies ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin D ; Internet ; Male ; Neuroglia ; Pilot Projects ; Plasma

OBJECTIVES: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is known to be related to stress and the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) that is known to be associated with stress and has been studied to affect various psychiatric illness outbreaks. We tried to examine the relationship between stress, 5-HTTLPR and IGD. METHODS: A total of 59 participants with IGD, diagnosed according to the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria and 67 normal controls (NC) were enrolled. The IGD group and the NC were compared using chisquare test and independent sample t-test, and logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between stress, the 5-HTTLPR, and IGD. RESULTS: The mean scores for anxiety, impulsivity and stress were significantly higher in the IGD group than in the NC. In addition, there was a significant association between stress and IGD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.172, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.008–1.362]. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that stress would affect IGD. Therefore, the evaluation and management of stress should be included in the diagnosis and treatment of IGD.
Adult* ; Anxiety ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin D ; Impulsive Behavior ; Internet* ; Logistic Models

On page 76, reference no. 21 was inadvertently omitted.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: High dose rosuvastatin loading before percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) reduces the myocardial damage and the incidence of adverse cardiac events in patients with stable angina and acute coronary syndrome. However, no studies are present yet about rosuvastatin loading in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a primary PCI setting. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 475 patients who underwent primary PCI for STEMI were studied. The study population was divided into two groups with 208 patients in the statin group=40 mg rosuvastatin loading before primary PCI and 267 patients in the control group=no statin pretreatment. At median 3 days after PCI a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed with technetium 99m tetrofosmin For this study were compared infarct size, corrected Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) frame count and the myocardial blush grade (MBG) between the both groups. RESULTS: Baseline clinical and procedural characteristics were similar between the groups. Infarct size, as assessed by SPECT, was significantly smaller (19.0+/-15.9% vs. 22.9+/-16.5%, p=0.009) in the statin group than in the control group. Patients of the statin group showed a lower corrected TIMI frame count (28.2+/-19.3 vs. 32.6+/-21.4, p=0.020), and higher MBG (2.49+/-0.76 vs. 2.23+/-0.96, p=0.001) than the patients of the control group. The multivariate analysis revealed that rosuvastatin loading {odds ratio (OR) 0.61}, pain to balloon time (OR 2.05), anterior myocardial infarction (OR 3.89) and final the MBG (OR 2.93) were independent predictors of a large infarct size. CONCLUSION: A high dose rosuvastatin loading before the primary PCI reduced the infarct size by microvascular myocardial perfusion improvement.
Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Angina, Stable ; Angioplasty ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Incidence ; Multivariate Analysis ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention* ; Perfusion ; Stents ; Technetium ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ; Rosuvastatin Calcium