Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases(PDKs 1-4) can regulate the activity of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex(PDC) to catalyse the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate,and then to link glycolysis to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and ATP production.In this review,we summarize up-to-date information of mechanisms regulating PDKs and the function of PDKs inhibitors in lowering blood glucose level,alleviate damage during heart ischemia and also triggering apoptosis in cancer cells.PDKs will be a possible pharmacological targets in diabetes,heart ischemia and cancer therapy.

Hyperplastic scar and contracture are two mainly respects that contribute to poor functional recovery of the patients after burn.The principles of prevention and management of the scar were reviewed in the article and the methods in facilitating functional recovery were also discussed as well.

Objective:To analyze the influential factors, trend and equity of preventive care utilization in China from 1991 to 2011. Methods:Using China Health and Nutrition Survey ( CHNS) , logistic regression was applied to explore influential factors, study time trend of preventive care utilization, and examine its equity by Concentration In-dex. Results: Total preventive care services and physical examination utilization significantly increased. Significant inequity still exit in terms of general physical examination and blood text, however, disappeared with respect to blood pressure screening and gynecological examination. Main influential factors of preventive care utilization includes in-come, gender, education and insurance, etc. Conclusion:Preventive care utilization had significantly grown with de-creasing inequalities, but inequity still exit, particularly for general physical examination and blood test.

Objective:To analyze the implementation and effectiveness of primary health care reform in Feixi county, Anhui province. Methods: This paper uses data analysis of interviews with key insiders, policy documents and archives, as well as institutional questionnaire survey and other methods to collect information, and then it com-bines qualitative and quantitative research to arrive at research findings through cross-analysis and interpretation. Re-sults:From 2010 to 2014, the reform enhanced the capacity of primary health care in four main aspects, including capacity building of primary health care personnel, network construction of primary health care system, improvement of working conditions, and system construction of institutional management. Accordingly, the human capacity of pri-mary health care personnel was improved, their enthusiasm for work increased, their income was raised, the working conditions were improved, the cooperation mechanism for vertical and horizontal health care services was established, and the consultation rate and primary health care utilization in Feixi county increased. Conclusion:Both the“bottom-up” exploration approach and “from point to area” implementation strategy adopted by Feixi county have not only been the core content of primary health care system’s comprehensive reform, but also effectively leveraged the other aspects of the reform. They have played an important role in deepening medical reform and establishing institutional mechanism of health care system.

Objective:To analyze reverse effects induced in the implementation process of“primary health care strengthening” policies, and the innovative initiatives and countermeasures raised in primary health care system’s comprehensive reform of Feixi county. Method:Based on the principles of Critical Discourse Analysis ( CDA) , this paper designs its analytical framework for policy analysis. Results:Many reverse effects appeared in the implementa-tion process of “primary health care strengthening” policies. However, through improvements in terms of manpower upgrading, network building, working conditions and management mechanisms, Feixi county has successfully strengthened the capacity building for primary health care institutions. Conclusions:The expected and unexpected re-sults should be evaluated systematically when the policies are being implemented, and local governments need to pro-ceed according to local conditions in order to prevent unintended reverse effects from happening.

The fragmentation of health care system within a county and serious capacity constraints of health-care services in township health centers are generally the most significant problems facing underdeveloped counties in western China. Under constraints of limited public financial resources, how to increase service capability of township health centers and improve service quality, continuity and convenience of health care system has become one of the most severe challenges in implementing China’s county health care system reform. This paper takes Huangzhong coun-ty, Qinghai province as a case study. It investigates how the locals use health care alliance to vertically integrate county health care resources during reform implementation, analyzes various aspects of reform measures and the corre-sponding structural characteristics such as the integration of administrative management, integration of human re-sources, dual diagnosis referral, interoperability of information systems, sharing of resources and test results, etc. , and provides similar China’s counties with a case study to be used for reference.

Objective:After examining the changes in medical expenses and flows of hospitalized patients with-in and outside the county under the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme ( NRCMS ) before and after the imple-mentation of health care alliance reform, this paper analyzes the impacts of health care alliance reform on the visiting rate of NRCMS patients within the county and explores their causes and channels. Methods:This paper uses the hos-pitalization data of NRCMS patients in 2013 and 2014 collected from Huangzhong county Qinghai province and inter-views with key informants and analyzes the hospitalization expenses, visiting flows and other indicators of patients. Results:After starting health care alliance reform, the total number of hospitalized patients to seek treatment outside the county decreased by 6 . 38%, the total hospitalization expenses to seek treatment outside the county decreased by 22 . 13%, and the hospitalization expenses per inpatient day to seek treatment within and outside the county increased by 14. 41% and 20. 69% respectively. Conclusions: By improving service capabilities of township health centers and increasing synergies between county-township-village health institutions, the county health care alliance reform has suc-cessfully enhanced the service capabilities of health care systems in the whole county and reasonably helped patients with common diseases to be hospitalized outside the county and frequently hospitalized people to return back to the county.

Objective To investigate the effeets of insulin on the apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells cuinduced by burn$eruln in order to explore its possible mechamsm.Method Cultured human ECV304 cells were randomly divided into 33x)ups:control group,the ECV304 cells hured by 15%(V/V)rat normal,qertlm(t=6);bum semm group,the ECV3()4 cells simulated by 15%(V/V)self-made burn semm collected from rats with 30%TBSA full-thickness burns on the,back(n=6);and burn Serum+insulin group.the ECV304 cells cultared by insulin(10-7mol/L)and 15%(V/V) seIf-made rat bum serum(n=6).The transferase mediated nick end labeling(TUNEL) method was employed to measure the apoptosis of endothelial cells at 6 hours after stimulation.Meanwhile.immanohistochemical technique and Western blotting were used to determine the protein expressions of bcl-2 and eNOS.Data are expressed ills mean ±SEM.Statistical comparison was made using oneway analysis of vtriance.Significance was accepted at P<0.05.Results Compswith the control group,bum$erunl induced the apoptusis(18.5±3.1%)and down-regalated bcl·2(O.36±0.12)and p-eNOS(O.55±0.28)protein expressions of HUVECs(P<0.01).Burn 9AJ'unl+insulin significantly decreased the apoptosis(9.6 4-2.8%)and up-regulated bcl-2(0.944-0.25)and p-eNOS(0.89±0.16)protein expressions ofHU-VECs in comparison with the bum serllm group(P<0.01).eNOS showed no significant differences in three groups.Conclusions Insulin could markedly inhibit the apoptosis and up-regalate bcl-2 protein expression of HUVECs induced by bum serum,and its mec,harfism might involve the protein expression ofphosphorylated eNOS.

Transgenic chicken and oviduct bioreactor are growing to be one of the hotspot of scientific study in the field of biology. The most successful method of producing transgenic chicken is pseudotyped retrovirus vector system, but no one has reported the production of transgenic chicken by retrovirus system recently in our country. In order to accelerate our study in this field, we introduced the relevant technical methods such as packaging retrovirus and vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped retrovirus, optimizing the conditions of packaging retrovirus, concentrating VSV-G pseudotyped retrovirus, helper virus assays, and microinjection of retrovirus. Furthermore, we successfully conducted in vivo study for detecting the marker gene EGFP of chicken embryo as well as in vitro study for detecting that gene of chicken embryo myoblast (CFM), thus we have provided an applied technical platform for studies of transgenic chicken in the future.
Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Chick Embryo ; Chickens ; genetics ; DNA Primers ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; Retroviridae ; genetics ; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo observe the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rats with severe burn and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) treated with serum of rat with burn injury, and to investigate the relationship between ROS and apoptosis of PMVECs.

METHODS(1) Twenty-four SD rats were divided into sham injury group ( n = 3) and burn group (n = 21) according to the random number table (the same grouping method below). Rats in burn group were inflicted with 30% TBSA full-thickness scald on the back, and rats in sham injury group were sham injured. Blood samples were collected from abdominal aorta at post injury hour 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 respectively from 3 rats of burn group. The serum content of ROS was assayed by ELISA. The same determination was performed in rats of sham injury group. (2) Five rats were subjected to scald injury as above, and burn serum was prepared 24 hours after injury. Another 5 rats without receiving any treatment were used to prepare normal serum. (3) Marginal pulmonary tissue was harvested from 20 SD young rats. Cells were cultured with tissue block method and indentified with immunohistochemical staining. The third passage of PMVECs in logarithmic phase were inoculated in 6-well plates and 12-well plates. PMVECs in both plates were divided into 4 groups: normal serum group, burn serum group, normal serum + MnTBAP group, and burn serum + MnTBAP group, with 3 wells in each group. Cells in the former 2 groups were respectively cultured with special nutrient solution of endothelial cells without serum added with 15% healthy rat serum or 15% burn rat serum. Cells in the latter 2 groups were cultured with the same culture conditions as in the former two groups correspondingly with addition of 100 µmol/L MnTBAP in the nutrient solution. After being cultured for 24 h, the content of ROS in PMVECs in 6-well plates was detected with flow cytometry. The apoptosis of PMVECs in 12-well plates was observed with acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining, and the apoptosis rate was calculated. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD-t test.

RESULTS(1) The serum contents of ROS in rats of burn group were respectively (187 ± 21), (235 ± 22), (231 ± 25), (291 ± 20), (315 ±23) nmol/mL at post injury hour 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, which were significantly higher than that in sham injury group [(141 ± 19) nmol/mL, with t values respectively 7. 86, 9. 57, 13. 87, 14.98, 18.40, P values below 0.01]. (2) Primary cells grew slowly and showed a cobblestone appearance. After passages, cells grew with orderly distribution. The positive rate of coagulation factor VIII of cells was (96 ± 5)% , and thus they were identified as PMVECs. (3) In normal serum group, burn serum group, normal serum + MnTBAP group, and burn serum + MnTBAP group, the contents of ROS in PMVECs were respectively 798 ± 40, 1 294 ± 84, 763 ± 59, 926 ± 42 ( F =93.01, P <0.01), and the apoptosis rates of PMVECs were respectively (6.2 ± 1.3)%, (57.3 ± 6. 7)%, (3.7 ± 0. 8)%, (28.7 ± 5. 7)% (F = 224.50, P <0.01) after being cultured for 24 h. Compared with those of normal serum group, the content of ROS and apoptosis rate of PMVECs in burn serum group increased significantly (with t values respectively 10.40 and 49.06, P values below 0.01). The content of ROS and apoptosis rate of PMVECs in burn serum + MnTBAP group were significantly lower than those in burn serum group (with t values respectively 7.48 and 23.94, P values below 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSSerum content of ROS was increased in severely burned rats. Burn rat serum stimulation on PMVECs can lead to the increase of the intracellular ROS and induce apoptosis. However application of MnTBAP can scavenge ROS and reduce the apoptosis induced by burn rat serum.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Burns ; blood ; therapy ; Endothelial Cells ; pathology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Lung ; blood supply ; Oxygen ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; blood ; Serum ; metabolism