Atherosclerotic risk factors contribute to carotid atherosclerosis. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), as assessed using a non-invasive high-resolution ultrasound, can predict cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whereas the control of CVD is crucial for the Mongolian people, the studies on carotid atherosclerosis are lacking. The present population-based survey was a cross-sectional investigation of the determinants of carotid IMT in the general Mongolian population. A total of 344 Mongolian volunteers, aged 18-69 years, without CVD and on no medication, were recruited from a health screening setting. The current smoking habits, body mass index, mean blood pressure (MBP), blood total cholesterol (TC), glucose, insulin and carotid IMT (maximum level) were measured. Mongolian males had a significantly higher prevalence of current smoking and a higher level of IMT than females (average=0.58 mm in males vs 0.46 in females). Both a single and multiple regression analysis adjusted for all the regression analysis adjusted for all the measures revealed that IMT was significantly and positively correlated with age, male sex, MBP, TC and glucose among all of the participants. IMT was significantly and positively correlated with age, followed by MBP, TC and glucose among males, while among females, IMT was significantly and positively correlated with age, followed by MBP and TC. Age was the strongest determinant of carotid atherosclerosis, and the increases in blood pressure and cholesterol levels were also important measures in both sexes as well as glucose levels in males in particularly, thus suggesting a preventive strategy necessary for CVD in the general Mongolian population.

Atherosclerotic risk factors contribute to carotid atherosclerosis. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), as assessed using a non-invasive high-resolution ultrasound, can predict cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whereas the control of CVD is crucial for the Mongolian people, the studies on carotid atherosclerosis are lacking. The present population-based survey was a cross-sectional investigation of the determinants of carotid IMT in the general Mongolian population.A total of 344 Mongolian volunteers, aged 18-69 years, without CVD and on no medication, were recruited from a health screening setting. The current smoking habits, body mass index, mean blood pressure (MBP), blood total cholesterol (TC), glucose, insulin and carotid IMT (maximum level) were measured.Mongolian males had a significantly higher prevalence of current smoking and a higher level of IMT than females (average=0.58 mm in males vs 0.46 in females). Both a single and multiple regression analysis adjusted for all the regression analysis adjusted for all the measures revealed that IMT was significantly and positively correlated with age, male sex, MBP, TC and glucose among all of the participants. IMT was significantly and positively correlated with age, followed by MBP, TC and glucose among males, while among females, IMT was significantly and positively correlated with age, followed by MBP and TC.Age was the strongest determinant of carotid atherosclerosis, and the increases in blood pressure and cholesterol levels were also important measures in both sexes as well as glucose levels in males in particularly, thus suggesting a preventive strategy necessary for CVD in the general Mongolian population.

BACKGROUND. As long ago times or perhaps longer, people were using insects as medicines for healing wounds, preventing infections and improving health. Some of these are purely anecdotal, while others have proven basis in fact as tested by modern medicine.Usage of insects intraditional medicine was recorded since time immemorial.Insects and their substances have been used as medicinal resources by different cultures since ancient time because of chemical compounds - e.g. pheromones, defensive sprays, venoms and toxins, which were sequestered fromplants or prey and later concentrated or transformed for their own use.In many parts of the world,different sections of the society have been using medico-entomological drugs to this day in their lives.A numberof studies has in recent years drawn attention to thetherapeutic value of certain species of insects, their products, and their developmental stages.As has been documented insects can be a source of drugs used in modern medicine, since compounds of insect origin can have immunological, analgesic, antibacterial, diuretic, anaesthetic and anti-rheumatic, antitumor properties. Numerous insect originated materia medicain Mongolian traditional medicine contribute this source of therapeutics and variety of ancientmedical treatises by local authors as well as translations of renowned Ayurvedic medical books about animals as medicine exist.Knowledge about therapy with insects in Mongolian traditional medicine is less studied even they have been used broadly since ancient time. Several orthodox practitioners have surveyed the therapeutic potentials of defensive agents in dark beetleknown as “stink beetle” in the past.Yet the scientific community has to give thismajor and crucial component of traditional Mongolian medicine the attention it deserves, scientific knowledge about biologically active principles within medicinal insect remain poorly unknown. AIM OF STUDY.To define chemical analysis of ethanol whole body extract of Tenebrionid beetles. METHOD AND RESULT. We collected Tenebrionid beetles from local regions including desert, grassland, and to make an 40% ethanol extract of whole body to determine species of Tenebrionid beetles by entomoscope. After 30 days for saving in organic extract, to determine chemical composition of filtered 2 ml sample solution by high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Using digital usb microscope 2.0 mp to confirm special characters of Tenebrionid beetles to Tenebrionid B.miliaria in biological termin. In HPLC-MS, octadecanoic acid is presented in 2 regional samples. CONCLUSION. Octadecanoic acid, the surface lipid of the insect was determined from the ethanol whole body extract of Tenebrionid beetles.

Since anatomist and doctor Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) knew that a thorough knowledge of human anatomy was essential to surgery, he devoted much of his time to dissections of cadavers and insisted on doing them himself, instead of relying on untrained assistants. As a result, he created his famous work called “De humani corporis fabrica libri septem” in 1543. This creation was evaluated as scientific discoveryin Europe.
Two hundred forty years later, Dominique Parennin (1665-1741)wrote the book “ManchuAnatomy”by the order of Kangxi Emperor (1654-1722). Thebook was written by hand and the Kangxi Emperor was given three copies. The whole name of the “Manchu Anatomy”is «Imperially-Commissioned Complete Record on the Body. Unfortunately, the Kangxi Emperor did not allow the publication of the book. It was indeed sad that Kangxi Emperor, who distinguished himself by his unusual intelligence and was noted for his encouragement of the arts and sciences, failed to perceive the importance of the «Manchu Anatomy». Had it been printed and disseminated it certainly would have revolutionized Chinese medicine, as Vesalius› «De humani corporis fabrica libri septem” did for European medicine.
However, Dominique Parennin has sent another special copy to the Royal Academy of Science in Paris, which he was a corresponding member. In a letter dated May 1, 1723 accompanying the «Manchu Anatomy» he wrote in old French: Vous serez peut-etre surpris que je vous envoye de- si loin un traite d›Anatomie, un corps de Medecine, et des questions de Physiques ecrites en une langue, qui, sans doute, vous est inconnue; mais votre surprise cessera quand- vous verrez que ce sont vos propres ouvrages que je vous envoye habilles a la Tartare. Oui, Messieurs, ce sont vos pensees et vos ingenieuses decouvertes. In this study, we have translated this letter into Mongolian and explained the content of letter. Thanks to this book, in Europe and America, the book is known as the Manchu Anatomy, and many researchers published several books and scientific articles about the book. However, there is no one who has found that this book has been translated into Mongolian except the Manchu language. Our next study is to compare the Manchus and the Mongolian texts of this book.

Introduction: Khuumii (throat singing) is a unique form of art derived from the nomadic population of Central Asia, producing two or more “simultaneous” sounds and melodies through the organ of speech. Material and Methods: The aim of the study is to identify the anatomical structures involved in the formation of khuumii and the features and patterns of their functions and compare each type of khuumii as performed by Mongolian people. A total of 60 participants aged 18-60 years (54 men and 6 women) were selected by non-random sampling method using cross-sectional study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23 software using questionnaires, X-ray, endoscopy, sound research method, and general blood tests. Results: 90.7% of the khuumii singers were male and 9.3% were female. The average height of the participants was 172.91±0.93 cm (arithmetic mean and mean error), average body weight was 77.53±2.46 kg, and body mass index was 25.93±5.31 respectively. Heart rate was 92.19±20.71 per minute prior to khuumii while 133.19±19.09 after performing khuumii and 85.81-98.56 at 95% confidence interval. In terms of ethnicity (ethnographically), the Khalkh were the largest ethnic group (72.1%), followed by Bayad, Buryatia, Darkhad, Torguud, and Oirat (2.3%), respectively. 60.5% of the participants were professional khuumii singers who graduated from relevant universities and colleges. The process of Khuumii was recorded by X-ray examination, and laryngeal endoscopy evaluated the movement of true and false vocal chords, interstitial volume, movements of epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage, and mucosa. Khuumii increases the workload of the cardiovascular system by 70-80%. Furthermore, the sound frequency is 2-4 times higher than that of normal speech, and sound volume is 0.5-1 times higher. 95.3% of throat singers did not have a sore throat, 88.4% did not experience heavy breathing, and 74.1% had no hoarseness. During the formation of khuumii sound, thoracic cavity, diaphragm, and lungs regulate the intensity of the air reaching the vocal folds, exert pressure on the airways and vibrate the sound waves through air flows passing through the larynx and vocal folds. Mouth-nose cavity as well as pharynx are responsible for echoing the sound. Conclusion It is appropriate to divide khuumii into two main types according to structural and functional changes in the organs involved; shakhaa and kharkhiraa. Khuumii, the “Human music” originating from the people of Altai Khangai basin by imitating the sounds of nature with their own voice in ancient times, spread all over the world from Mongolia and it is proposed to classify khuumii into two main types of shakhaa and kharkhiraa in terms of structural involvement and functionality.