The development history and fundamental experience of transgenic crops (Genetically modified crops) breeding in China for near 30 years were reviewed. It was illustrated that a scientific research, development and industrialization system of transgenic crops including gene discovery, transformation, variety breeding, commercialization, application and biosafety assessment has been initially established which was few in number in the world. The research innovative capacity of transgenic cotton, rice and corn has been lifted. The research features as well as relative advantages have been initially formed. The problems and challenges of transgenic crop development were discussed. In addition, three suggestions of promoting commercialization, speeding up implementation of the Major National Project of GM Crops, and enhancing science communication were made.
China ; Crops, Agricultural ; genetics ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Oryza ; Plant Breeding ; history ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Zea mays

Purpose　To introduce a method to isolate cDNA clones using bacteriophage P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) or bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) as probe for hybridization and try to find some novel genes related to hepatocellular carcinoma.　Methods　PAC 579 (D17S926 locus) and BAC 1529 (D17S1529 locus) in the deletion region of chromosome 17p13.3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma were chosen to screening the human liver cDNA library as probe for hybridization. The isolated positive cDNA clones were partially sequenced, then analyzed by computer comparison and Southern blot.　Results　After three cycles of screening, 78 and 8 candidate positive cDNA clones were isolated using PAC 579 and BAC 1529 probes respectively. Further analysis indicated 18 cDNA clones isolated by PAC 579 probe and 5 cDNA isolated by BAC 1529 probe were potential novel genes related to hepatocellular carcinoma.　Conclusions　The isolation of cDNA clones using PAC and BAC probes is effective and practical.

Maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) are three staple crops and accordingly it is very meaningful to optimize the condition of their protoplasts isolation. The concentration of the enzyme, the time of isolation and centrifugal force in protoplast isolation were investigated to find their effects on protoplast yield and viability using leaves of maize (Zong 3), wheat (Chinese Spring) and rice (Nipponbare). The results show that the concentration of the enzyme and the time of isolation affected the protoplast yield significantly. Although the yield of protoplast was increased with high concentration of enzyme and long incubated time, it led to too much cells breakdown. The orthogonal experimental design results show that the best condition of maize protoplast isolation was Cellulase R-10 1.5%, Macerozyme R-10 0.5%, 50 r/min 7 h, 100 x g 2 min and the protoplasts yield was 7x106 cells/g fresh weight (FW); the best condition of wheat protoplast isolation was Cellulase R-10 1.5%, Macerozyme R-10 0.5%, 50 r/min 5 h, 100 x g 2 min and the protoplasts yield was 6 x 10(6) cells/g FW; the best condition of rice protoplast isolation was Cellulase R-10 2.0%, Macerozyme R-10 0.7%, 50 r/min 7 h, 1 000 x g 2 min and the protoplasts yield was 6x10(6) cells/g FW. The vitalities were more than 90% using fluorescein diacetate staining method. 50%-80% transformation efficiency was obtained when protoplasts were transformed by green fluorescent protein using PEG-Ca2+ method.
Cell Culture Techniques ; methods ; Oryza ; chemistry ; genetics ; Plant Leaves ; enzymology ; Protoplasts ; cytology ; Triticum ; chemistry ; genetics ; Zea mays ; cytology ; genetics

To indicate the relationship between structure and function of loops from Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein Cry1Ba, and the influence of amino acids mutation on toxicity against diamond back moth Plutella xylostella, five mutations at the loops of Cry1Ba were constructed by overlapping primer PCR, and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). Bioassay results showed that the toxicity of mutation M1 (loop1: 340WSNTR344-deletion), compared with that of Cry1Ba (LC50 0.96 microg/mL), decreased significantly with LC50 35.51 microg/mL. And the toxicity of mutation M2 (402Y-G), M3 (400GIYLEP405-PSAV), M4 (400GIYLEPIH407-ILGS) was also reduced to some extent respectively. Only M5 (mutation at loop3: 472LQSRV476 - AGAVYTL) showed slightly increased activity against P. xylostella, but not significantly (LC50 0.81 microg/mL). Referring to the structures of Cry1Ba which was predicted using Swiss-Model software, and bioassay data, we can conclude that loop1 and loop2 play a important role on determining the activity of Cry1Ba against P. xylostella.
Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; genetics ; metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; Endotoxins ; chemistry ; genetics ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Hemolysin Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; Models, Molecular ; Moths ; microbiology ; Mutation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Structure-Activity Relationship

Objective:To explore the correlation between glycemic control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and brachial-ankle pulse velocity (baPWV). Methods:A community-based cross-sec-tional study was conducted in Beijing, China. Every subject underwent physical examinations, glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1 c ) , blood lipid and baPWV measurements and completed a standardized question-naire. T2DM patients were divided into well controlled and poorly controlled groups according to HbA1c levels. The correlation between glycemic control of T2DM patients and baPWV was analyzed. Results:In this study, 1 341 subjects were recruited, including 733 T2DM patients and 608 non-diabetes sub-jects. Compared with non-diabetes subjects, abnormal baPWV ( baPWV≥1 700 cm/s) rate for T2DM patients was higher (40. 8% vs. 26. 8%, P<0. 001). With HbA1c<6. 5% or <7. 0% as the aim of glycemic control in T2DM patients, the abnormal baPWV rates for non-diabetes subjects, well controlled and poorly controlled T2DM patients were significantly different (non-diabetes vs. HbA1c<6. 5% T2DM vs. HbA1c≥6. 5% T2DM: 26. 8% vs. 32. 8% vs. 42. 6%, P <0. 001; non-diabetes vs. HbA1c <7. 0% T2DM vs. HbA1c≥7. 0% T2DM:26. 8% vs. 36. 1% vs. 43. 4%, P<0. 001). After being ad-justed for gender, age, smoking status, diabetes mellitus family history, T2DM duration, cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) , waist hip ratio ( WHR ) , systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) , diastolic blood pressure ( DBP) , total triglycerides ( TG) , high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C) , and low density lipo-protein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , the Logistic regression models suggested that glycemic control status of T2DM patients was associated with abnormal baPWV. Compared with non-diabetes subjects, the ORs for abnormal baPWV in HbA1 c <6 . 5% T2 DM patients and HbA1 c≥6 . 5% T2 DM patients were 0 . 927 (95%CI 0. 560-1. 537) and 1. 826 (95%CI 1. 287-2. 591). Compared with non-diabetes subjects, the ORs for abnormal baPWV in HbA1c<7. 0% T2DM patients and HbA1c≥7. 0% T2DM patients were 1. 210 (95%CI 0. 808-1. 811) and 1. 898 (95%CI 1. 313-2. 745). Conclusion:The glycemic con-trol status of T2DM patients from communities is significantly associated with baPWV. Poor glycemic con-trol is a risk factor for abnormal baPWV. Keeping HbA1c under control might lower the risk of cardiovas-cular diseases in T2DM patients.

Objective: To investigate lunch supply of public primary school canteens in Zhejiang Province, and to provide a basis for the scientific guidance of school lunch. Methods: During May to Jun. and Sept. to Oct. in 2019, lunch food supply was weighed and recorded and the number of diners in 44 public primary school canteens were summarized. Each investigation lasted for one week. Results: Food was mainly based on the taste of the students (40.91%) in the school canteen. About 45.45% of the schools referred to the Nutrition Guidelines of School Meals for students meals when making recipes in the school canteen. The supplies of cereals, vegetables, fruits, livestock and poultry meat, fish and shrimp, eggs, milk, soybean nuts, vegetable oil and salt were 109.05, 118.01, 0, 63.96, 9.25, 11.31, 0, 10.68, 10.47, 2.54 g. The supply of vegetable oil was basically the same as the recommended amount ( P >0.05). The supplies of energy, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B 1, vitamin B 2, vitamin C, dietary fiber were 820.84 kcal, 32.79 g, 164.18 mg, 7.84 mg, 4.71 mg, 23.07 μgRAE, 0.41 mg, 0.35 mg, 20.47 mg, 2.34 g, 37.56% of energy from fat and 48.47% of energy from carbohydrate. The supply of vitamin B 1 was basically the same as the recommended amount ( P >0.05). There were no significant differences in all kinds of food and nutrients between urban and rural primary schools ( P >0.05). Conclusion Lunch supply is not optimistic in public primary school canteens in Zhejiang Province, with unreasonable structure and fails to agree with current nutritional recommendations. It is suggested that the scientific guidance of students meals should be carried out according to the survey results combined with the characteristics of local diet.

Objective:To compare the suicidality risk in major depressive disorder (MDD)patients with and without anxious characteristics,and analyze the risk factors of suicidality in MDD patients. Methods:This was a secondary analysis of the data from the Diagnostic Assessment Service for people with Bipolar Disorders in China (DASP),which was initiated by the Chinese Society of Psychiatry (CSP),from September 1,2010 to February 28, 201 1. Based on the anxious module and suicide module of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M. I. N. I),1 172 MDD patients were classified as suffering from anxious MDD (n=728,62. 1%)and non-anxious MDD(n=444,37. 9%). Logistic regression was employed to examine the risk factors of suicidality in MDD pa-tients. Results:Among the anxious MDD patients,331 (45. 5%)of them had suicidality risk. And 54(12. 2%)of non-anxious MDD patients had suicidality risk. Compare to the non-anxious group,the anxious MDD patients had significantly higher suicidality risk (P<0. 00 1 ). Logistic regression analysis showed that more frequent depressive episodes (OR=2. 07 ),depressive episodes with psychotic symptoms (OR=2. 0 1 ),comorbid with anxious charac-teristics (OR=3. 18)or melancholic characteristics (OR=2. 90)were associated with suicidality risk in patients with MDD. Conclusion:It indicates that the anxious MDD patients may have higher suicidality risk than non-anx-ious MDD patients,and more frequent depressive episodes,depressive episodes with psychotic symptoms,comorbid with anxious characteristics or melancholic characteristics may be risk factors of suicidality in patients with MDD.

Objective: To explore the relationship between glycemic control and visceral adiposity index (VAI) among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.Methods: A community-based epidemiological field study for patients with T2DM aged ≥ 40 years was conducted in China.Every participant underwent physical examinations, biochemical tests of fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and so on, and a questionnaire, including anthropometric characteristics, lifestyle, disease history, family history, and medication use.Those participants with HbA1c ≥7.0% were classified as the poorly controlled in our analysis of relationship between glycemic control and VAI.Anthropometric characteristics, lifestyle, and biochemical indexes of the participants were compared among the groups of different VAI levels.Logistic models were applied in multiple analysis adjusting for possible confounders.Results: A total of 1 607 patients with T2DM were recruited in our analysis with a mean age of (59.4±8.1) years and an average T2DM duration of (7.0±6.4) years.Among them, 78.3% were on hypoglycemic therapy.The cutoff points of quartiles of VAI were calculated for the males and females, respectively.According to the ascending order of the quartiles of VAI, the participants were divided into four groups, i.e.Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4.The poor glycemic control rate for these groups were 60.6%, 65.7%, 70.1%, and 71.0%, respectively (Trend χ2=12.20, P<0.001).After adjustment for age, gender, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), LDL-C, smoking, cardio-cerebral vascular disease (CVD) history, hypoglycemic therapy, T2DM duration, and family history of diabetes, the Logistic regression models showed that the glycemic control rate was significantly associated with VAI levels among the patients with T2DM.Compared with the participants in group Q1, the ORs of poor glycemic control for those in groups Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 1.239 (95%CI 0.918 to 1.672), 1.513 (95%CI 1.117 to 2.050), and 1.535 (95%CI 1.128to 2.088), respectively (trend P=0.003).With each quartile increase in VAI, the OR of poor glycemic control was 1.162 (95%CI 1.054 to 1.282).Conclusion: The glycemic control among the patients with T2DM is significantly associated with VAI.High level of VAI is an indicator of poor glycemic control.

Objective:To analyze the changes of soil microbial community structure before and after planting Gastrodia elata in different producing areas，and to investigate the response of soil microorganisms to the planting of G. elata. Method:ITS and 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technologies were used to detect fungal and bacterial community compositions in the soil，including the soil without planting G. elata（CK1，CK2），the soil around G. elata（GE1，GE2）before harvesting, and the soil around the rhizomorph of Armillaria（AGE1，AGE2） in Dafang, Guizhou and Jinzhai, Anhui respectively. Result:Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the soil microorganisms changed significantly after G. elata planting as compared with the control soil. The sequencing results showed that the planting of G. elata increased the OTUs number of fungi and bacteria. As compared with the control soil，the diversity and abundance of fungal and bacterial communities showed an increase trend after the cultivation of G. elata in soil of Dafang, Guizhou， such changes of fungal communities were not significant, but the abundance of soil bacteria communities increased in Jinzhai, Anhui as compared with the control soil. The abundance of genera Ilyonectria and Nitrospira increased，while genera Russula decreased significantly both in the soil of Guizhou and Anhui. Furthermore，the abundance of Fusarium and Mortierella increased significantly in the soil of Dafang, Guizhou. Conclusion:The soil microorganisms were out of balance after planting of G. elata, and the abundance of pathogenic microorganisms such as Ilyonectria and Fusarium increased，which may be related to the plant diseases and insect pests of G. elata.