Purpose: In histotripsy, a shock wave is transmitted, and the resulting inertial bubble cavitation that disrupts tissue is used for treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to detect when cavitation occurs and track the position of cavitation occurrence using a new passive cavitation (PC) imaging method. Methods: An integrated PC image, which is constructed by collecting the focused signals at all times, does not provide information on when cavitation occurs and has poor spatial resolution. To solve this problem, we constructed instantaneous PC images by applying delay and sum beamforming at instantaneous time instants. By calculating instantaneous PC images at all data acquisition times, the proposed method can detect cavitation when it occurs by using the property that when signals from the cavitation are focused, their amplitude becomes large, and it can obtain a high-resolution PC image by masking out side lobes in the vicinity of cavitation. Results: Ultrasound image simulation confirmed that the proposed method has higher resolution than conventional integrated PC imaging and showed that it can determine the position and time of cavitation occurrence as well as the signal strength. Conclusion Since the proposed novel PC imaging method can detect each cavitation separately when the incidence of cavitations is low, it can be used to monitor the treatment process of shock wave therapy and histotripsy, in which cavitation is an important mechanism of treatment.

To evaulate the closure and recurrence rate of laser treatment for juxtafoveal and extrafoveal CNV with well-defined boundary, we studied 15 eyes of 15 patients that could be followed up for at least 1 year. The follow-up ranged form 12 to 31 months(mean, 17.1 months). Three and six weeks after laser treatment, all neovascularization was obliterated. Eight months, after laserphotocoagulation was obliterated. Eight months, after laser photocoagulation there was one recurrence in juxtafoveal CNV. In7 of 10 laser-treated eyes in classic, extrafoveal CNV, visual or more in three eyes. Of 5 laser-treated eyes in classic, juxtafoveal CNV, visual acuity had changed by no more than 2 lines in 3 eyes and decreased by 2 or more lines in 2 eyes. The short-term results of laser treatment for classic CNV were good, but long-term evaluation is required.
Choroid* ; Choroidal Neovascularization* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Light Coagulation* ; Recurrence ; Visual Acuity

This study was conducted in order to compare weight control behaviors, eating disorder risk, and depression in female adolescents according to dieting experience during the last year. The subjects were 707 students attending a girls' high school in Seoul, and all the information was collected by self-administered questionnaire. Eating disorder risk and depression were determined by using EAT-26 (Eating Attitude Test-26) and PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), respectively. Data were compared between subjects with experience of dieting (320) and those without (387). More of the subjects with dieting experience were unsatisfied with their own body weights (76.9% vs. 44.2%, P<0.01) and weighed themselves frequently (P<0.01) compared to those without diet experience. EAT-26 (11.63±8.3 vs. 5.99±4.7, P<0.01) and PHQ-9 scores (7.05±4.6 vs. 6.00±4.4, P<0.01) were higher in subjects with dieting experience compared to their counterparts. Therefore, we concluded that dieting is associated with several undesirable psychological aspects such as eating disorder risk and depression in adolescent girls, and thus providing proper education is urgently needed to emphasizing importance of healthy weight and the danger of unnecessary dieting.
Adolescent ; Body Image* ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Depression* ; Diet* ; Eating* ; Education ; Feeding Behavior ; Female* ; Humans ; Seoul*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Functional voice disorders usually occur as results of hyperkinetic movements of the vocal apparatus. The best treatment of these diseases is voice therapy. But the classical voice therapy has many difficulties for laryngologist to put in operation. The aims of this study were to investigate of the effects of group voice therapy that laryngologist can use to treat many patients in limited time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed group voice therapy and classical voice therapy on 129 patients, and compared the results according to age, sex, past history, symptoms, physical examination, patients' subjective evaluation, perceptual evaluation of voice, and maximal phonation time. RESULTS: Patients' subjective evaluation, perceptual evaluation, pathologic findings of larynx, maximal phonation time showed superior results in group voice therapy. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the group voice therapy is an effective treatment method laryngologists can use for hyperfunctional voice disorders.
Humans ; Hyperkinesis ; Larynx ; Phonation ; Physical Examination ; Voice Disorders ; Voice*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Incomplete glottic closure of sulcus vocalis is one of the most common causes of breathy dysphonia. The results of treatment for sulcus vocalis were not satisfactory even though a variety of methods of treatment were applied because of incomplete glottic closure and improper mucosal waves of vocal fold on phonation. Authors studied to evaluate the efficacy of the combined modality treatment with autologous fat injection and slicing technique in patients with sulcus vocalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with sulcus vocalis complaining of breathy dysphonia and difficult phonation were diagnosed through detailed history using questionnaires, physical examination and stroboscopy. Autologous fat taken from the lower abdomen was injected for medialization of the bowed vocal fold under general anesthesia. After that, the dissected mucosa of the vocal fold was sliced. Follow-up studies were performed with patients' own subjective evaluations, perceptual analysis, stroboscopic findings and acoustic analysis. RESULTS: Patients' own subjective evaluations, mucosal waves and glottic closure of vocal fold were much improved and perceptual and acoustic analysis were improved moderately in the follow-up results. CONCLUSION: Patients could have better voice and easy phonation after surgery because more improved mucosal waves and glottic closure allowed vocal fold to vibrate more efficiently and allowed patients to accept the voice therapy comfortably. Combined modality treatment of autologous fat injection and slicing technique was therefore an effective method for patients with sulcus vocalis.
Abdomen ; Acoustics ; Anesthesia, General ; Dysphonia ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mucous Membrane ; Phonation ; Physical Examination ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Stroboscopy ; Vocal Cords ; Voice

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hyperfunctional voice disorders caused by the over-adduction of the vocal cords have various supraglottic movements during phonation. These various hyperkinetic supraglottic movements will be able to affect the vocal sound production. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relation between supraglottic movements and movement of extralaryngeal muscles using surface laryngeal EMG. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subject who had normal anatomic and physiologic laryngeal function produced the vocal sounds of the 3 types of supraglottic movement. In each type, when three different pitch sounds were produced, surface laryngeal EMG was recorded and perceptual and acoustic analysis of vocal sound were performed. RESULTS: Voice with contracted supraglottic movement had strained sound in perceptual analysis, increased jitter and shimmer in MDVP, and increased amplitude in surface laryngeal EMG. Voice with lowered and widened supraglottic movement had resonant sound in perceptual analysis, decreased jitter and shimmer in MDVP, decreased amplitude in surface laryngeal EMG. CONCLUSION: Voice was different with various types of supraglottic movements and surface laryngeal EMG findings were also different with various types of supraglottic movements.
Acoustics ; Muscles ; Phonation ; Vocal Cords ; Voice ; Voice Disorders

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The functional velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is rare and difficult to diagnose, and the treatment results are often not favorable. Authors evaluated the efficacy of fat injection on posterior pharyngeal wall as the supportive treatment of the functional VPI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The preoperative assessment included history of patients, the perceptual analysis of voice, nasopharyngoscopic findings of velopharyngeal movements, nasometer, findings of soft palate movement during phonation, and swallowing. Fat was taken from the umbilical area and was injected in 5 patients with functional VPI. RESULTS: All 5 patients had relatively good results in voice quality after fat injection. CONCLUSIONS: Fat injection may serve as a good supportive treatment method in functional VPI.
Deglutition ; Humans ; Palate, Soft ; Phonation ; Velopharyngeal Insufficiency* ; Voice ; Voice Quality

Even for experienced surgeons, it is possible that the complex and variable anatomy and the proximity of important structures make endoscopic sinus surgery a tough job. The main cause of surgical complications is that the image of two dimensional computed tomography scan is not correlated with the endoscopic view during operation. Recently developed computer aided endoscopic sinus surgery(CAESS) may be an important step in reducing the incidence of complications. Authors used the CAESS in 3 cases. The first was the case of huge multiple polyps and needed the revision of surgery. The second was the case of multiple polyps and cleft palate which was operated previously. The last was the case of pituitary cyst. Surgery of the extensive sinus disease or the causes with surgically-congenitally altered anatomical landmarks was safe and easy when CAESS was utilized.
Cleft Palate ; Incidence ; Polyps

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the time trends of waist circumference (WC) and waist-height ratio (WHR), and to present WC and WHR distributions with optimal WHR cutoff for abdominal obesity in Korean children and adolescents. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of data from 13,257 children and adolescents (6,987 boys and 6,270 girls) aged 6–18 years who were included in the third to sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2005–2015). Linear regression analyses were used to identify secular changes in WC and WHR by age, sex, and KNHANES waves. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the optimal WHR cutoff values for abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors. RESULTS: The mean WC and WHR distributions from 2005 to 2015 showed no significant secular changes between the KNHANES 4 waves (P for trend ≥0.05 in all ages and both sexes). The mean WCs in the present study were lower than those in the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. The mean WHR at ages <13 years was statistically higher in the boys than in the girls, but did not significantly differ between the sexes among those aged 13 to 18 years. The optimal WHR cutoff for abdominal obesity was 0.48 (area under the curve, 0.985; 95% confidence interval, 0.985–0.985) in the 13- to 18-year-old adolescents. CONCLUSION: WC and WHR showed no secular changes over 10 years. The optimal WHR cutoff for abdominal obesity of 0.48 is useful for diagnosing and managing obesity and thus preventing obesity-related cardiometabolic complications in 13- to 18-year-old Korean adolescents.
Adolescent ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Growth Charts ; Humans ; Korea ; Linear Models ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; ROC Curve ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Height Ratio

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty is well established and relatively successful operation in the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). But, there have been no reports about snoring sound of patients who had been performed LAUP. This study was performed to evaluate the results of LAUP analysing preoperative snoring sounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were 38 patients who were diagnosed as OSA by polysomnography and had been performed LAUP between Mar, 1998 and July, 2002. Preoperative and postoperative snoring sounds were recorded during sleep and we performed an acoustic analysis using spectrogram (SPG), which was classified. And postoperative subjective satisfaction of bed time partner was compared in each type and the degree of satisfaction was measured by VAS (visual analogue scale) score. According to previous study, types of spectrogram of snoring sounds were classified as palatal, tongue base and mixed. RESULTS: In postoperative analysis, snoring loudness was most decreased in palatal type, and snoring pitch was only increased in tongue base type. The average satisfaction of bed time partner was highest at palatal type and lowest at tongue base type. CONCLUSION: Preoperative analysis of snoring sounds can aid the prediction of the loudness and pitch of snoring sounds and the subjective satisfaction of patients after LAUP.
Acoustics ; Humans ; Laser Therapy ; Palate ; Polysomnography ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; Snoring* ; Sound Spectrography ; Tongue