BACKGROUND: Statistical type II error has seemed to be ignored commonly by medical researchers. To control and present a power value could be helpful to reduce this type of error and to improve a quality of scientific decision making. We performed the post-hoc survey of the power of the negative results in Korean Journal of Anesthesiology (KJA). METHODS: One Hundred nineteen articles with negative results published in KJA during a year of 1997 were selected. We collected the numbers of the sample size and calculated the power of the given negative result only when applicable. And each author's attitude to negative results was taken by arbitrary criteria. RESULTS: Median sample size of these negative results was 16 12 (median interquartile range). We can calculate the power only in 43 articles of 119 negative results. Median power is 18.0% (interquartile range 26.0). In thirty six articles (83.8% of 43) the powers are proved to be under 80.0%. And 22 articles (51.2% of 43) have the powers even under 20.0%. We couldn't find any author who included either power or effect size in the article, and there was only one article in which its authors considered their inadequate number of sample size. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that authors of KJA tend to ignore statistical type II error. In 119 negative results published in KJA during 1997, the calculated powers were very low and were not reported in the text.
Anesthesiology* ; Decision Making ; Sample Size

The study was conducted to assess school dietitians' preferences for traditional foods, to determine the association with their perception and usage status, and to develop the strategies to increase its utilization of traditional foods in school lunches. The information was obtained by the self-administered questionnaire from the subjects, which were 198 dietitians in schools located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. According to the preference for traditional foods, subjects were distributed into three groups (High = 54, Medium = 128, Low = 16). The significances of differences between groups were determined using SPSS 12.0 at p < 0.05. Compared to the dietitians with lower (medium and low) preferences, those with high preferences answered that they had better knowledge (p < 0.001) for traditional foods, and served them more in school lunches (p < 0.01). Also, more dieticians in the high preference group not only felt that they need to train school administrators (p < 0.01) as well as themselves (p < 0.05), but also were currently providing students with the nutrition education on traditional foods (p < 0.05). The results presented the evidence suggesting that having dietitians with higher preference for traditional foods can offer an effective strategy to increase the opportunities for schoolchildren to be exposed to traditional foods. Development of the standard recipes for use in school lunches by the government or the association was answered as the best strategy to increase the use of traditional foods, regardless of the dietitians' preferences.
Administrative Personnel ; Food Preferences ; Humans ; Lunch ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Venous aneurysms are uncommon in the lower limb and are more frequently found in the neck and thoracic and visceral veins. However, they have been reported to cause thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, and other related complications. Popliteal venous aneurysms are often undetected because they are usually asymptomatic, but they may cause pulmonary thromboembolic events. We experienced a case of a 44-year-old man who was referred for recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism. He showed no other symptoms or signs except shortness of breath. A popliteal venous aneurysm was diagnosed incidentally because the examinations were performed to detect a deep vein thrombosis in relationship to the patient's history of pulmonary thromboembolism. We report a case of surgical treatment for a popliteal venous aneurysm that was complicated by pulmonary thromboembolism.
Aneurysm ; Dyspnea ; Lower Extremity ; Neck ; Popliteal Vein ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Thrombosis ; Veins ; Venous Thrombosis

Jugular bulb diverticulum (JBD) is a rarely reported vascular anomaly, which is an extraluminal outpouching from the jugular bulb. Especially, there exists a lack of reported cases involving JBD encroaching the internal auditory canal (IAC) in Korea. Subjects with JBD may be asymptomatic or have variable symptoms based on its location and size. In this article, we report a unique case of JBD eroding into the IAC that was presented as sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo.
Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; Diverticulum ; Hearing Loss ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; Korea ; Vertigo

OBJECTIVES: There have been many studies on the relationship between diabetes mellitus and presbycusis. Microangiopathy and neuropathy that's caused by chronic hyperglycemia may lead to damage to the inner ear. Several clinical studies on humans and animal studies have been performed to investigate the association between diabetes and hearing loss, however, this relationship is still a matter of debate. We investigated the association of diabetes and sensorineural hearing loss in an animal model of type-2 diabetes and obesity (the ob/ob mouse [OM]). METHODS: The auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were obtained in the OM and the wild type mice (C57BL/6J mice) up to 25 weeks after birth. After the animals were sacrificed, their cochleae were retrieved and then subjected to histopathologic observations. RESULTS: The OM exhibited significantly elevated ABR thresholds at 21 weeks of age, yet the C57BL/6J mice exhibited no significant change until 25 weeks of age. On the histological findings, outer hair cell degeneration and loss of spiral ganglion cells were observed in the middle and basal turns of the OM. On the contrary, no degenerative change was observed until 25 weeks of age in the C57BL/6J mice. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that chronic hyperglycemia and obesity may lead to early sensorineural hearing loss.
Animals ; Cochlea ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Ear, Inner ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Hair ; Hearing Loss ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Mice ; Mice, Obese ; Models, Animal ; Obesity ; Parturition ; Presbycusis ; Spiral Ganglion

A survey was conducted to determine the perception of youku meat among college students majoring in food and/or nutrition. The survey participants were located nationwide, and the responses from the 2,454 students were analyzed. More male and higher grade students answered that they had heard about youku while only 20.0% had learned about Youku from class. Approximately 37.8% of the subjects recognized youku as 'dairy cattle which are too old to produce milk', 54.0% as 'all cattle grown for the purpose of meat', and 23.1% as 'all cattle except for Hanwoo'. Only 37.4% recognized youku correctly. Compared with the same quality grade, 25.3% recognized youku meat as being cheaper than imported beef, and only 25.6% of them recognized that youku meat has less fat than imported beef. As much as 83.3% of subjects did not know whether or not they were served youku meat, and 23.7% of subjects wanted increased availability of youku meat. As much as 22.9% of subjects opposed the increased use of youku meat, and the reasons were "it does not taste good" (18.1%), "it is not Hanwoo" (15.1%), "it is not sanitary" (13.1%), and "it is imported" (6.0%). The findings provide basic information on barriers regarding youku meat promotion among subjects who will be dieticians in food service or managers in purchase departments of catering companies in the future.
Animals ; Cattle ; Food Services ; Humans ; Male ; Meat* ; Nutritionists

The widespread pursuit of a thin physique may have a detrimental impact on the wellbeing of preadolescents. The influence of body image distortions on the lifestyles, dieting behaviors, and psychological factors was investigated in 631 fifth and sixth grade children in Kyeonggi-do, Korea. Children were classified into three weight groups (underweight, normal, and overweight) and three perception groups (underestimation, normal, and overestimation). Necessary information was obtained by questionnaire, and each subject's weight status was determined by the Rohrer index calculated from the annual measurement records, which were obtained from the school. According to their current weights, 57.4% of children were normal and 32.2% were overweight or obese, 16.6% of the children overestimated their body weight, and 55.2% had an undistorted body image. Overweight children had desirable lifestyles and dietary habits and presented reasonable weight control behaviors. Compared to those without distortion, the overestimated group had greater interest in weight control (P = 0.003) and dissatisfaction with their body weights (P = 0.011), presented unhealthy reasons to lose weight (P = 0.026), and had higher scores for "feeling sad when comparing own body with others" (P = 0.000) and for "easily getting annoyed and tired" (P = 0.037), even though they had similar obesity indices. More subjects from the overestimation group (P = 0.006) chose drama/movies as their favorite TV programs, suggesting a possible role for the media in body image distortion. These findings suggest that body image distortion can lead preadolescents to develop stress about obesity and unhealthy dieting practices, despite similar obesity indices to those without distorted body images. These results emphasize the importance of having an undistorted body image.
Body Image ; Body Weight ; Child ; Depression ; Diet ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Style ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The present study reports radiological and histological observations of temporal dorsal bullae obliterated by implantation of hydroxyapatite granules (Bongros(R)). MATERIALS AND METHOD: The guinea pigs underwent obliteration of the left dorsal temporal bullae with hydroxyapatite granules (Bongros(R)). MicroCT images were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively. All animals were killed 3 months later. In 8 animals, light microscopic examination of bullae were conducted, and in 4 animals, morphological changes in the cochlear hair cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The microCT images obtained at 3 months after operation demonstrated high signal intensity areas suggesting new bone formations at implanted sites. Light microscopic examinations showed new bone ingrowth and good osteointegration, but no inflammatory response or foreign-body reaction. SEM showed normal-looking hair cells on all examined animals' specimen. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Bongros(R) may be safe and reliable alloplastic materials for mastoid obliteration. (Korean
Animals ; Blister ; Bone Transplantation ; Cholesteatoma ; Durapatite ; Foreign-Body Reaction ; Guinea ; Guinea Pigs ; Hair ; Light ; Mastoid ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; X-Ray Microtomography

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is the choice of paranasal sinus surgery, hut its major complication (blindness, CNS trauma) can occur because of the dysharmony between preoperative CT images and perioperative endoscopic findings. Recently, Computer Aided Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (CAESS) reduced complications dramatically and the preoperative images of the surgical field of bony structures match exactly with the perioperative findings. We wanted to find ways to visualize the surgical anatomy and to operate exactly in the key area (frontal recess, natural osteum, sphenoid sinus) with CAESS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients (30 patients without history of sinus surgery and 10 returning patients who had history of sinus surgery) with nasal polyp were included for the study. Preoperative coronal CT and axial CT were checked. The first operation was classical ESS, the second operation was CAESS, and we compared the accuracy between them. RESULTS: Of 60 patients with nasal polyp, 45 (75%) were identified with frontal recess, 52 (87%) were identified with natural osteum, and 52 (87fo) were identified with sphenoid sinus. Of the patients returning for surgery (N=20), 9 (45%), 14 (70%), 11 (55%) were identified with Frontal recess, natural osteum, sphenoid sinus, respectively. When CAFSS was used, all key areas were identified. CONCLUSION: Frontal recess is the most difficult site to identify during ESS, and CAESS is very useful in cases which show distorted normal anatomy during frontal recess and sphenoid sinus operation.
Endoscopes ; Humans ; Nasal Polyps ; Sphenoid Sinus

Schwannoma is a benign tumor arising from the sheath of myelinated nerve fibers and may occur in any part of the body. However, a vidian nerve schwannoma is extremely rare. A 41 year-old man has experienced an occipital area headache and posterior neck stiffness for 2 weeks. Brain computed tomography (CT) angiography, magnetic resonance image revealed lobulated soft tissue density mass in left sphenoid sinus with upward displacement of sphenoid sinus floor and pressure erosion of sphenoid sinus and petrous apex. Ostiomeatal unit CT scan showed a 28x16 mm sized mass filling the left pterygoid canal. The mass was resected using endoscopic sinus surgery. The mass was confirmed as schwannoma. We report a case of vidian nerve schwan-noma that was treated by endoscopic sinus surgery.
Adult ; Brain ; Endoscopy ; Headache ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Angiography ; Neck ; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated ; Neurilemmoma* ; Sphenoid Sinus ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed