Purpose: Evidence on non-pharmacological interventions for adolescents with type 1 diabetes is unclear. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological intervention in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Methods: We conducted a search on databases from November 11 to 19, 2022, for randomized controlled trials for the effects of non-pharmacological intervention in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. To identify recent research trends, we included studies published from 2017 to November 2022. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool 2.0. To estimate the effect size, a meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 program and R Studio. Results: A total of 45 studies were included in the systematic review. Among those, 30 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Non-pharmacological interventions were significantly effective in improving Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.42, −0.09), quality of life (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.76), and anxiety (SMD = −0.91, 95% CI: −1.26, −0.56). Subgroup analysis showed that duration of intervention was not a covariate related to HbA1c levels. Conclusions Non-pharmacological interventions have shown effectiveness in improving the HbA1c, quality of life, and anxiety in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Future studies with more rigorous methodology are needed to confirm and strengthen the validity of these findings. Additionally, attention to changes in the lipid profile and self-care motivation among adolescents with type 1 diabetes is warranted.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the consistency of 1-day and 3-day average dietary intake using the 24-hour diet recall method and to investigate the relationship of diet intake with physiological indicators potentially associated with diabetic complications in patients with diabetes. Methods: This study conducted a secondary data analysis using pretest data of a nursing intervention study entitled “Development of deep learning based AI coaching program for diabetic patients with high risk and examination of its effects (PNUH, IRB No. 05-2021-030).” Data were analyzed through descriptive analysis, one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation coefficients using SPSS 26.0. Results: The average total daily calorie intake over 3 days was 1,494.48±436.47 kcal/day: 1,510.90±547.76 kcal/day on the first day, 1,414.22±527.58 kcal/day on the second day, 1,558.34±645.83 kcal/day on the third day, showing significant differences (F=3.59, p=.031). The correlation coefficient between the 1-day and 3-day average dietary intake was 0.41–0.77 for each nutrient and 0.62–0.80 for each food group. Vegetable intake showed negative correlations with body mass index (BMI; r=-.19, p=.023) and triglycerides (r=-.18, p=.036), whereas dairy intake was positively associated with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL; r=-0.18, p=.034) and triglycerides (r=.40, p<.001). Conclusion This study demonstrated that 1-day dietary intake was highly correlated with 3-day average dietary intake using the 24-hour diet recall method. Food groups showed significant associations with physiological indicators of potential diabetic complications such as BMI, triglycerides, and LDL levels. Further studies are needed to improve the knowledge base on the relationships between physiological indicators and food groups.