Small cell carcinoma of the cervix has been traditionally considered a rare subtype ofsquamous cell carcinoma characterized by a highly malignant behavior. However, it has becomeobvious that the majority of small cell carcinomas of the cervix expresses neuroendocrine,not squamous, differentiation. One case of intermediate cell neuroendocrine carinoma andthree cases of small cell undifferentiated carcinoma were reported. Patients ranged in age from37 to 50 (median, 44years) and presental as stages Ib(two patients), IIa(one patient), andIIb(one patient). One cases of intermediate cell neuroendocrine carinoma was combined with-endocervical adenocarcinoma and one case of small cell undifferentiated carcinoma was combinedwith adenocarcinoma in situ. All 4 tumors expressed one or more epithelial markers andneuroendocrine markers. Electron microscopically, neuroendocrine granules were observed inall 4 cases but large amount in intermediate cell neuroendocrine carinoma. A variety of treatmentregimens was employed. One patient with intermediate cell neuroendocrine carinoma isalive now for 60 months after starting of treatment. But two of three patients with small cellundifferentiated carcinoma died of disease (34, 45 months) and one of them is alive now for20 months. One patient had spinal metastasis and paraplegia which were treated twice withsurgery and irradiation on tumor bed and the other patient was comatose with multiple livermetastasis. Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the cervix was more aggressive thanintermediate cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix. We can differentiate small cellundifferentiated carcinoma of the cervix from intermediate cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of thecervix, pathologically, ultrastructurally and immunocytochemically.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine ; Carcinoma, Small Cell* ; Cervix Uteri* ; Coma ; Female ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Paraplegia

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer in never smokers (LCINS) differs etiologically and clinically from lung cancer attributed to smoking. After smoking, radon exposure is the second leading cause and the primary risk factor of lung cancer among never smokers. Exposure to radon can lead to genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumor genomes affecting genes and pathways involved in lung cancer development. The present study sought to explore genetic alterations associated with LCINS exposed to radon gas indoors. METHODS: Genetic associations were assessed via a case-control study of LCINS (39 cases and 30 controls) using next generation sequencing. Associations between genetic mutations and high exposure to radon were investigated by OncoPrint and heatmap graphs. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted using various tools. According radon exposure levels, we divided subjects in two groups of cases and controls. RESULTS: We found that ABL2 rs117218074, SMARCA4 rs2288845, PIK3R2 rs142933317, MAPK1 rs1803545, and androgen receptor (AR) rs66766400 were associated with LCINS exposed to high radon levels. Among these, Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 4 (CHD4) rs74790047, TSC2 rs2121870, and AR rs66766408 were identified as common exonic mutations in both lung cancer patients and normal individuals exposed to high levels of radon indoor. CONCLUSION: We identified that CHD4 rs74790047, TSC2 rs2121870, and AR rs66766408 are found to be common exonic mutations in both lung cancer patients and normal individuals exposed to radon indoors. Further analysis is needed to determine whether these genes are completely responsible for LCINS exposed to residential radon.
Case-Control Studies ; Computational Biology ; Epigenomics ; Exons ; Genetic Variation* ; Genome ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung* ; Radon* ; Receptors, Androgen ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

The original version of this article contained error in the name of the fourth author which was given incorrectly as Hye Run Kim. The author’s name should have been written as Hye Ryun Kim.

The original version of the article contained error in the funding statement in Acknowledgements section.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been though to be multipotent cells that can replicate that have the potential to differentiate into lineages of mesenchymal tissue including the bone, cartilage, fat, tendon, muscle, and marrow stroma. Especially, scaffolds to support cell-based tissue engineering are critical determinants of clinical efforts to regenerate and repair the body. Selection of a matrix carrier imvolves consideration of the matrix's role as a scaffold for physical support and host tissue integration as well as its ability to support of synergize the osteoinductive program of the implanted mesenchymal stem cell. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of autobone and Bio-Oss(R) to adherent mesenchymal stem cells as scaffolds on sinus augmentation with fibrin glue mixture in a rabbit model. 16 New Zealand White rabbits were divided randomly into 4 groups based on their time of sacrifice (1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks). First, mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from iliac crest marrow of rabbits and expanded in vitro. Cell culture was performed in accordance with the technique described by Tsutsumi et al. In the present study, the animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation, and the bone formation ability of each sides was evaluated clinically, radiologically, histologically and histomorphologically. According to the histological observations, autobone scaffolds group showed integrated graft bone with host bone from sinus wall. At 2 and 4 weeks, it showed active newly formed bone and neovascularization. At 8 weeks, lamellae bone was observed in sinus graft material area. Radiologically, autobone with stem cell showed more radiopaque than Bio-Oss(R) scaffolds group. there were significant differences in bone volume between 4 and 8 weeks (p<0.05).
Animals ; Bone Marrow ; Cartilage ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells* ; Osteogenesis ; Rabbits ; Stem Cells ; Tendons ; Tissue Engineering ; Transplants*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study evaluated the clinical characteristics of patients who underwent kidney biopsies, and the relative changes in pathological diagnosis, according to time periods over the last 30 years (1981-2010). METHODS: This study included 3,051 patients who were older than 15 years and underwent kidney biopsies at Chungnam University Hospital between January 1981 and December 2010. For analysis, the patients were grouped into three time periods: I (1981-1990), II (1991-2000), and III (2001-2010). We reviewed the available medical records of 2,450 patients and analyzed the changes in their clinical characteristics over time. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 35.9 (range 15-91) years and the male-to-female ratio was 1.3:1. The most common indication for a kidney biopsy was an asymptomatic urinary abnormality (64.2%) and the proportion with this indication increased significantly over time (p < 0.001). Primary glomerular diseases comprised 65.4% of all pathological diagnoses, followed by secondary (13.6%) and hereditary (12.5%) glomerular diseases. The proportion of primary glomerular diseases decreased significantly with time (p < 0.001), while the proportions of secondary and hereditary glomerular diseases increased correspondingly (p < 0.001). IgA nephropathy was the most common pathological diagnosis (36.7%) overall. The proportion of IgA nephropathy increased significantly with time (p < 0.001), while minimal change disease and acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis decreased significantly (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that the clinical indications and pathological diagnoses in patients who underwent kidney biopsies changed significantly over the last 30 years.
Biopsy ; Glomerulonephritis ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; Humans ; Kidney ; Medical Records ; Nephrosis, Lipoid

Renal biopsy is a crucial method in the diagnosis and treatment of acute renal failure of unknown origin, nephrotic syndrome, suspicious interstitial nephritis, and glomerulonephritis as a possible cause of hematuria or proteinuria. Complications occur in 2% to 8% of patients after percutaneous renal biopsy. Complications include gross hematuria, perirenal hematoma, arteriovenous fistula, aneurysm, injury of other organs, and urine leakage. Urine leakage as a complication after kidney biopsy is rare. We experienced a case of urine leakage into the intra-abdominal cavity after renal biopsy.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Aneurysm ; Arteriovenous Fistula ; Biopsy ; Glomerulonephritis ; Hematoma ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Kidney ; Nephritis, Interstitial ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Proteinuria ; Urinoma

To provide a nationwide representative dataset for the study on health impact of air pollution, we combined the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with the daily air quality and weather data by matching the date of examination and the residential address of the participants. The database of meteorological factors and air quality as sources of exposure data were estimated using the Community Multiscale Air Quality model. The linkage dataset was merged by three ways; administrative district, si-gun-gu (city, county, and district), and geocode (in latitude and longitude coordinate units) based on the participants’ residential address, respectively. During the study period, the exposure dataset of 85,018 individuals (38,306 men and 46,712 women) whose examination dates were recorded were obtained. According to the definition of exposure period, the dataset was combined with the data on short-term, mid-term, and long-term exposure to air pollutants and the meteorological indices. Calculation of the daily merged dataset’s average air pollution linked by si-gun-gu and geocode units showed similar results. This study generated a daily average of meteorological indices and air pollution exposure dataset for all regions including rural and remote areas in Korea for 11 years. It is expected to provide a platform for the researchers studying the health impact of air pollution and climate change on the representative population and area, which may facilitate the establishment of local health care plans by understanding the residents’ health status at the local as well as national level.

To provide a nationwide representative dataset for the study on health impact of air pollution, we combined the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with the daily air quality and weather data by matching the date of examination and the residential address of the participants. The database of meteorological factors and air quality as sources of exposure data were estimated using the Community Multiscale Air Quality model. The linkage dataset was merged by three ways; administrative district, si-gun-gu (city, county, and district), and geocode (in latitude and longitude coordinate units) based on the participants’ residential address, respectively. During the study period, the exposure dataset of 85,018 individuals (38,306 men and 46,712 women) whose examination dates were recorded were obtained. According to the definition of exposure period, the dataset was combined with the data on short-term, mid-term, and long-term exposure to air pollutants and the meteorological indices. Calculation of the daily merged dataset’s average air pollution linked by si-gun-gu and geocode units showed similar results. This study generated a daily average of meteorological indices and air pollution exposure dataset for all regions including rural and remote areas in Korea for 11 years. It is expected to provide a platform for the researchers studying the health impact of air pollution and climate change on the representative population and area, which may facilitate the establishment of local health care plans by understanding the residents’ health status at the local as well as national level.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of nondiabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and to find a clinical significance of renal biopsy and immunosuppressive treatment in such a patient. METHODS: Renal biopsy results, clinical parameters, and renal outcomes were analyzed in 75 diabetic patients who underwent kidney biopsy at Chungnam National University Hospital from January 1994 to December 2010. RESULTS: The three most common reasons for renal biopsy were nephrotic range proteinuria (44%), proteinuria without diabetic retinopathy (20%), and unexplained decline inrena lfunction (20.0%). Ten patients (13.3%) had only diabetic nephropathy (Group I); 11 patients (14.7%) had diabetic nephropathy with superimposed nondiabetic nephropathy (Group II); and 54 patients (72%) had only nondiabetic nephropathy (Group III). Membranous nephropathy (23.1%), IgA nephropathy (21.5%), and acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (15.4%) were the three most common nondiabetic nephropathies. Group III had shorter duration of diabetes and lesser diabetic retinopathy than Groups I and II (P = 0.008).Group II had the lowest baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.002), with the greatest proportion of renal deterioration during follow-up (median 38.0 months, P < 0.0001). The patients who were treated with intensive method showed better renal outcomes (odds ratio 4.931; P = 0.01). Absence of diabetic retinopathy was associated with favorable renal outcome in intensive treatment group (odds ratio 0.114; P = 0.032). CONCLUSION: Renal biopsy should be recommended for type 2 diabetic patients with a typical nephropathy because a considerable number of these patients may have nondiabetic nephropathies. And intensive treatment including corticosteroid or immunosuppressants could be recommended for type 2 diabetic patients with nondiabetic nephropathy, especially if the patients do not have diabetic retinopathy.
Biopsy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Kidney Diseases* ; Kidney* ; Nephritis, Interstitial ; Proteinuria