No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Basal Cell ; Osteogenesis

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a role in various cellular phenomena, including autophagy, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Although recent studies have reported its involvement in nociceptive responses in several pain models, whether mTOR is involved in orofacial pain processing is currently unexplored. This study determined whether rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, reduces nociceptive responses and the number of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) in a mouse orofacial formalin model. We also examined whether the glial cell expression and phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the TNC are affected by rapamycin. Mice were intraperitoneally given rapamycin (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg); then, 30 min after, 5% formalin (10 l) was subcutaneously injected into the right upper lip. The rubbing responses with the ipsilateral forepaw or hindpaw were counted for 45 min. High-dose rapamycin (1.0 mg/kg) produced significant antinociceptive effects in both the first and second phases of formalin test. The number of Fos-ir cells in the ipsilateral TNC was also reduced by high-dose rapamycin compared with vehicle-treated animals. Furthermore, the number of p-p38-ir cells the in ipsilateral TNC was significantly decreased in animals treated with high-dose rapamycin; p-p38 expression was co-localized in microglia, but not neurons and astrocytes. Therefore, the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, reduces orofacial nociception and Fos expression in the TNC, and its antinociceptive action on orofacial pain may be associated with the inhibition of p-p38 MAPK in the microglia.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a role in various cellular phenomena, including autophagy, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Although recent studies have reported its involvement in nociceptive responses in several pain models, whether mTOR is involved in orofacial pain processing is currently unexplored. This study determined whether rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, reduces nociceptive responses and the number of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) in a mouse orofacial formalin model. We also examined whether the glial cell expression and phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the TNC are affected by rapamycin. Mice were intraperitoneally given rapamycin (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg); then, 30 min after, 5% formalin (10 l) was subcutaneously injected into the right upper lip. The rubbing responses with the ipsilateral forepaw or hindpaw were counted for 45 min. High-dose rapamycin (1.0 mg/kg) produced significant antinociceptive effects in both the first and second phases of formalin test. The number of Fos-ir cells in the ipsilateral TNC was also reduced by high-dose rapamycin compared with vehicle-treated animals. Furthermore, the number of p-p38-ir cells the in ipsilateral TNC was significantly decreased in animals treated with high-dose rapamycin; p-p38 expression was co-localized in microglia, but not neurons and astrocytes. Therefore, the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, reduces orofacial nociception and Fos expression in the TNC, and its antinociceptive action on orofacial pain may be associated with the inhibition of p-p38 MAPK in the microglia.

Objective: : The fate of partially thrombosed intracranial aneurysms (PTIAs) is not well known after endovascular treatment. The authors aimed to analyze the treatment outcomes of PTIAs. Methods: : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 27 PTIAs treated with endovascular intervention between January 1999 and March 2018. Twenty-one aneurysms were treated with intraluminal embolization (ILE), and six were treated with parent artery occlusion (PAO) with or without bypass surgery. Radiological results, clinical outcomes and risk factors for major recurrence were assessed. Results: : The initial clinical status was similar in both groups; however, the last status was better in the ILE group than in the PAO group (p=0.049). Neurological deterioration resulted from mass effect in one case and rupture in one after ILE, and mass effect in two and perforator infarction in one after PAO. Twenty cases (94.2%) in the ILE group initially achieved complete occlusion or residual neck status. However, 13 cases (61.9%) showed major recurrence, the major causes of which included coil migration or compaction. Seven cases (33.3%) ultimately achieved residual sac status after repeat treatment. In the PAO group, all initially showed complete occlusion or a residual neck, and just one case ultimately had a residual sac. Two cases showed major recurrence, the cause of which was incomplete PAO. Aneurysm wall calcification was the only significantly protective factor against major recurrence (odds ratio, 36.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.85 to 705.18; p=0.018). Conclusion : Complete PAO of PTIAs is the best option if treatment-related complications can be minimized. Simple fluoroscopy is a useful imaging modality because of the recurrence pattern.

Objective: : The fate of partially thrombosed intracranial aneurysms (PTIAs) is not well known after endovascular treatment. The authors aimed to analyze the treatment outcomes of PTIAs. Methods: : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 27 PTIAs treated with endovascular intervention between January 1999 and March 2018. Twenty-one aneurysms were treated with intraluminal embolization (ILE), and six were treated with parent artery occlusion (PAO) with or without bypass surgery. Radiological results, clinical outcomes and risk factors for major recurrence were assessed. Results: : The initial clinical status was similar in both groups; however, the last status was better in the ILE group than in the PAO group (p=0.049). Neurological deterioration resulted from mass effect in one case and rupture in one after ILE, and mass effect in two and perforator infarction in one after PAO. Twenty cases (94.2%) in the ILE group initially achieved complete occlusion or residual neck status. However, 13 cases (61.9%) showed major recurrence, the major causes of which included coil migration or compaction. Seven cases (33.3%) ultimately achieved residual sac status after repeat treatment. In the PAO group, all initially showed complete occlusion or a residual neck, and just one case ultimately had a residual sac. Two cases showed major recurrence, the cause of which was incomplete PAO. Aneurysm wall calcification was the only significantly protective factor against major recurrence (odds ratio, 36.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.85 to 705.18; p=0.018). Conclusion : Complete PAO of PTIAs is the best option if treatment-related complications can be minimized. Simple fluoroscopy is a useful imaging modality because of the recurrence pattern.

The spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA 2) is an autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia that commonly presents with cerebellar ataxia, hyporeflexia, and slow saccades. Recent clinical series described movement disorder in the SCA 2 such as Parkinsonism or dystonia. Dystonia can be observed in and even be the presenting feature of the SCA 2. We report two patients with genetically confirmed SCA 2 displaying a slowly progressive syndrome combined with cerebellar ataxia and craniocervical segmental dystonia.
Cerebellar Ataxia ; Dystonia* ; Humans ; Movement Disorders ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Reflex, Abnormal ; Saccades ; Spinocerebellar Ataxias*

PURPOSE: Despite radical lymph node dissection and combined resection, the operative results of treating advanced gastric cancer remains inadequate. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for recurrence of gastric cancer and the pattern of recurrence after curative resection for advanced gastric cancer. METHODS: Out of 220 patients who underwent curative resection for advanced gastric cancer from 1990 to 2000, 50 whose recurrence was confirmed by clinical, radiological, endoscopic or reoperative findings were studied retrospectively. We undertook a detailed analysis of the pattern of recurrence based on the morphologic and histopathologic characteristics of the initial tumor. RESULTS: The mean time to recurrence was 19.0 months. Early recurrence was found in 38 patients (76.0%), intermediate recurrence was found in 11 patients (22.0%), and late recurrence was found in 1 patient (2.0%). The patterns of recurrence were as follows: hepatic recurrence was found in 14 cases, peritoneal recurrence in 19 cases, local recurrence in 10 cases, extraperitoneal recurrence in 6 cases. In univariate analysis, the depth of invasion, extent of lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and combined resection were important for recurrence. In multivariate analysis, depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis were important for recurrence. CONCLUSION: The peritoneal recurrence was the most frequently encountered pattern of recurrence. The two years following surgery was the most important period for recurrence. Depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis were related to recurrence with statistical significance. Since the results of treatment remain dismal, studies of perioperative adjuvant therapy in an attempt to reduce recurrence are warranted.
Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms*

BACKGROUND: For patients with full thickness skin defects, autologous Split-thickness skin grafts (STSG) are generally regarded as the mainstay of treatment. However, skin grafts have some limitations, including undesirable outcomes resulting from scars, poor elasticity, and limitations in joint movement due to contractures. In this study, we present outcomes of Matriderm grafts used for various skin tissue defects whether it improves on these drawbacks. METHODS: From January 2010 to March 2012, a retrospective review of patients who had undergone autologous STSG with Matriderm was performed. We assessed graft survival to evaluate the effectiveness of Matriderm. We also evaluated skin quality using a Cutometer, Corneometer, Tewameter, or Mexameter, approximately 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients underwent STSG with Matriderm during the study period. The success rate of skin grafting was 96.7%. The elasticity value of the portion on which Matriderm was applied was 0.765 (range, 0.635-0.800), the value of the trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) was 10.0 (range, 8.15-11.00) g/hr/m2, and the humidification value was 24.0 (range, 15.5-30.0). The levels of erythema and melanin were 352.0 arbitrary unit (AU) (range, 299.25-402.75 AU) and 211.0 AU (range, 158.25-297.00 AU), respectively. When comparing the values of elasticity and TEWL of the skin treated with Matriderm to the values of the surrounding skin, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that a dermal substitute (Matriderm) with STSG was adopted stably and with minimal complications. Furthermore, comparing Matriderm grafted skin to normal skin using Cutometer, Matriderm proved valuable in restoring skin elasticity and the skin barrier.
Cicatrix ; Contracture ; Elasticity ; Erythema ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Joints ; Melanins ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin Tests ; Skin Transplantation ; Skin* ; Skin, Artificial ; Transplants* ; Water Loss, Insensible

BACKGROUND: Chemokines and their receptors are important players in tumorigenesis by facilitating tumor proliferation and metastasis. Little is known about the possible function of chemokine receptors in relation to the development and progression of malignant cutaneous tumors. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the chemokine receptor CCR3 expression pattern and the protein expression level in selected malignant cutaneous tumors. METHODS: Four types of cell lines (G361, A431, SK-MEL-2, SK-MEL-24) were analyzed, using Western blotting, for the expression of CCR3 protein. Immunohistochemical staining for CCR3 was done on 36 skin cancer tissue samples that included 16 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 16 basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), 16 malignant melanomas (MMs) and 6 normal tissue samples. RESULTS: Western blot analysis showed that CCR3 protein was more expressed in the MM cell lines (G361, SK-MEL-2,SK-MEL-24) than that in the SCC cell line (A431), and the immunohistochemical analysis showed that CCR3 protein was overexpressed in MM and SCC, it was mildly expressed in BCC and it was hardly expressed in normal tissue. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated via immunochemistry that CCR3 was more expressed in MM, followed by SCC and BCC. The existence of CCR3 protein may enhance the tumorigenic potential of malignant cutaneous tumors.
Blotting, Western ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Chemokines ; Immunochemistry ; Melanoma ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Receptors, CCR ; Receptors, Chemokine ; Skin Neoplasms

Structural micro-fat graft is one of the surgical techniques for facial rejuvenation, and it is reliable for correction of sunken upper eyelids especially. However, several factors may influence surgical outcomes substancially. The author introduces the modified micro-fat graft to correct sunken eyelids and multiple eyelid folds to make better results. A series of 162 patients who underwent the refined structural micro-fat graft were included in this study. The purified fat was injected into the subcutaneous and sub-orbicularis oculi muscle layer of the upper eyelids through the 19-gauge cannula with 1 ml syringe. After the operation, all patients were followed up on 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6months, and 1 year. Clinical photographs were taken every visit and the author evaluated the volume and symmetry of the eyelids and checked the satisfaction of each patient and any complications. Among the 162 patients, 156 patients were satisfied with the upper eyelid volume after primary fat graft and other 6 patients were performed secondary fat graft. Even though the volume of the fat was sufficient, 4 patients showed palpable fat nodule during the follow-up period. Modified micro-fat graft is a simple, safe, and alternative method to correct sunken eyelids and multiple eyelid folds.
Blepharoplasty ; Catheters ; Eyelids ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Muscles ; Rejuvenation ; Syringes ; Transplants