In the article, Methods of Hematoxylin and Erosin Image Information Acquisition and Optimization in Confocal Microscopy, there was a typographical error in the title.

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the prevalence of menstrual disorders in Korean women based on body mass index (BMI)and lifestyle factors, by utilizing the Korean National Health Insurance Database. Methods: A retrospective observational study designwas used for the secondary data analysis. Data of women aged 15 to 49 years who were diagnosed with menstrual disorders were extractedfrom The National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort in Korea from 2009 to 2016. The age-standardizedprevalence rate of menstrual disorders was calculated using SAS version 9.4, and a Chi-square test and Cochran-Armitage test were performed. Results: In total, 2,219,445 cases were extracted from the database. The prevalence of menstrual disorders significantly increasedfrom 8.6% to 11.6% (Z=135.16, p for trend <.001) over the past eight years. In particular, it was higher in underweight womenthan in women with normal weight across all years (Z=-4.18~-14.72, p <.001). Moreover, statistically significant differences in the prevalenceof menstrual disorders were found to be associated with drinking and smoking in all years and with physical activity levels in part(p <.05~.001). Conclusion These findings present compelling evidence on the prevalence of menstrual disorders based on a national database.Since the prevalence of menstrual disorders has steadily increased and differs based on BMI and lifestyle factors, educational andclinical interventions are necessary to promote risk awareness and appropriate behavioral changes among Korean women.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This research was conducted in order to study the clinical usefulness and stability of the propofol used for sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. METHODS: The objective of this research was to study one hundred patients, who were chosen based upon their preference to be examined through diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy accompanied with propofol from July 1998 to August 1998, and who showed normality in the pulmonary function test and ECG. The elements observed were hemodynamic variations, injection dosage, injection time, recovery time and side effects. RESULTS: All patatints had no recollection of the procedure during gastrointestinal endoscopy. It was found that the older the patients were, the less amount of propofol sleep was indued. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and the mean arterial blood pressure were lowered noticeably after sleep, compared with those before the injection of propofol, while the heart rate hardly changed. CONCLUSIONS: Profopol is believed to be a useful sedative for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. As blood pressre can be lowered however, a cautious attitude should be considered when injecting propofol in the elderly or in patients who have cardiovascular disease.
Aged ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Electrocardiography ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal* ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Propofol* ; Respiratory Function Tests

PURPOSE: We have tried to search all concerning data on the policies of hepatitis B vaccination or surveillance of medical equipments that can transmit blood mediated diseases, including disposable syringe, in Republic of Korea, to propose references to other medical professionals. METHODS: Data from domestic journals, government websites, computerized newspapers, etc. were reviewed. The data were arranged into four categories (governmental policies on hepatitis B control, hepatitis B mass immunization program in school, using process of hepatitis B vaccine, and policies on medical equipments surveillance, including disposable syringes, which is considered as source of blood mediated infection), and the periodic changes on each subjects in policies were reviewed. RESULTS: Due to growing social concerns on hepatitis B in early 1980s, swift introduction and production of hepatitis B vaccine was made. After establishment of "5 year project for eradication of hepatitis B" in late 1983, number of vaccinated population jumped up to 6 million within 2 years (1984-85). However, since the immunization targets were mainly adult, not infant, this project was annulled in late 1985. Following this project, hepatitis B mass immunization program in school was carried out. In year 1995, hepatitis B vaccine was included in national immunization program. The use of disposable syringe was recommended from year 1980 but legislated in year 1985, finally. CONCLUSION: The mainstay in controlling hepatitis B in Republic of Korea was coordination of prompt introduction of vaccine, mass immunization, high vaccination coverage rate, or use of disposable syringes. However, since there is lack of official data available, it is urgent to arrange and computerize all government data related to infectious diseases.
Adult ; Communicable Diseases ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization Programs ; Infant ; Mass Vaccination ; Periodicals ; Republic of Korea ; Syringes ; Vaccination

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hypertension and alcohol consumption are well known independent risk factors of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, it is uncertain whether controlling of them reduces the volume of ICH. Furthermore, it remains also unkown whether other factors such as age, sex, education level, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and previous history of stroke are related to the volume of ICH. This study was designed to evaluate the relations of those things with the volume of ICH. METHODS: We prospectively assessed above items in 103 consecutive patients with ICH aged 33 to 87 years (mean age : 64 years, 50 men and 53 women ). We divided the volume of ICH with the use of CT scan into small (<10cc, n=71) and large (>=l0cc, n=32) groups. RESULTS: The patients with previous history of stroke significantly have a smaller volume of ICH compared to those without (p=0.04). However, the other factors (age, sex, education level, antihypertensive medication, alcohol consumption, smoking, and diabetes mellitus) were not significantly correlated with the volume of ICH to multivariate analysis. The patients with previous history of stroke tended to receive more regular antihypertensive medication than these without (p-0.06). CONCLUSION: The patients with previous history of stroke have a smaller volume of ICH possibly due to adequate antihypertensive treatment. However, the other factors which we evaluated were not significantly correlated with the volume of ICH.
Alcohol Drinking ; Cerebral Hemorrhage* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stroke ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma arising in soft tissue of mediastinum is a very rare tumor. This paper reports an extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma occuring in the posterior mediastinum.
Chondrosarcoma ; Chondrosarcoma, Mesenchymal* ; Mediastinum*

No abstract available.
Cystectomy* ; Quality of Life* ; Urinary Diversion*

BACKGROUND: To assess the functional outcomes and morbidity in patients undergoing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) with and without previous transurethral prostate surgery. METHODS: Patients were stratified into two groups, 558 patients who underwent primary HoLEP (group I) and 50 patients who underwent 'secondary-HoLEP' with prior transurethral prostate surgery (group II). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the preoperative parameters (median age, International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS], prostate-specific antigen [PSA], prostate volume, maximum urinary flow rate [Qmax], and postvoid residual urine volume [PVR]). No significant intraoperative differences were noted in the use of total energy, resected volume, enucleation time, resection efficiency, and mean catheterization time. There were significant improvements in Qmax, PVR, and IPSS in both groups. Complications in groups I and II included 19 (3.1%) and 1 (2.0%) bladder injuries, 25 (4.4%) and 2 (4.0%) recatheterization for transient voiding difficulty, 20 (3.5%) and 2 (4%) cases of severe hematuria requiring additional treatment, and 5 (0.8%) and 0 cases for remorcellation due to remaining adenoma. Transient incontinence was the most common complication for both groups I and II, 30 cases (5.4%) and 3 cases (6.0%) respectively. Urinary tract infection showed improvement subsequent to antibiotic treatment. During the 6 month follow-up period, urethral stricture occurred in 7 cases (1.3%) for group I and in 1 case (2.0%) for group II. CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in functional outcomes and morbidity between the two groups. 'Secondary-HoLEP' seems to be effective and safe for patients with prior BPH surgery.
Adenoma ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Lasers, Solid-State* ; Postoperative Complications ; Prostate* ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate ; Urethral Stricture ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Tract Infections

BACKGROUND: There has been considerable progression in laboratory investigations of novel therapeutic approaches aimed at protecting the brain parenchyma in the setting of the acute ischemia. The zone of ischemia surrounding an area of infarction provides a target for neuroprotective agents. MK-801 is a well known non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist and has a neuroprotective effect to ischemic penumbra zone. U-74389G is a compound of Lazaroid(21-Aminosteroid) and a free radical scavenger which has been investigated to a neuroprotective effect to ischemic penumbra zone. METHODS: The protective effects of single or combined pretreatment of U-74389G and MK-801 on the focal cerebral ischemia in the Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated. The size of infarction after 2 hours occlusion-4 hours reperfusion of the left middle cerebral artery with modified Longa method was measured. The rats were given 3mg/Kg I.v. of MK-801 and U-74389G or 0.5ml of normal saline 30 minutes before middle cerebral artery occlusion. The size of infarction was described as the volume. RESULTS: U-74389G, MK-801, and combined U-74389G and MK-801 pretreatment reduced significantly the volume of infarction 55%, 64%, 24%, respectively compared with saline pretreatment (p<0.05) and the combined U-74389G and MK-801 pretreatment reduced significantly the volume of infarcted area compared with MK-801 or U-74389G pretreatment, 44%, 37%, respectively(p<0.05). There was no significant change of infarction volume between U-74389G and MK-801 pretreatment(p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that single or combined pretreatment of U-74389G and MK-801 before 30 minutes of occlusion significantly reduced the volume of infarction compared with the control group in the focal cerebral occlusion-reperfusion of rats. And the combined pretreatment of U-74389G and MK-801 before 30 minutes of occlusion significantly reduced the volume of infarction compared with the single pretreatment of MK-801 or U-74389G in the focal cerebral occlusion- reperfusion of rats.
Animals ; Brain Infarction* ; Brain Ischemia ; Brain* ; Dizocilpine Maleate* ; Infarction ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; Ischemia ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Models, Animal* ; N-Methylaspartate ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion

Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is an uncommon condition. However, it is important for otologists because it is the most common cause of pulsatile tinnitus and may also present with intracranial hemorrhage and neurological disturbance. Many therapeutic approaches, such as surgery and endovascular techniques, have been proposed to obliterate the lesions. Surgery may be accompanied by massive blood loss. Transarterial embolization seldom obliterates transverse-sigmoid sinus DAVFs completely and permanently. In recent years, several authors have reported the effect of transvenous embolization of transverse-sigmoid sinus DAVFs in English literature. We recently experienced a case of sigmoid DAVF treated by transvenous embolization and report it with a review of the literature.
Arteriovenous Fistula ; Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations* ; Colon, Sigmoid ; Endovascular Procedures ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Tinnitus