No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant* ; Zinc*

No abstract available.
Congenital Hypothyroidism*

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stress distributions at the periodontal ligament (PDL) and displacements of the maxillary first molar when mesially directed force was applied under various molar angulations and rotations. A three dimensional finite element model of the maxillary first molar and its periodontal ligament was made. Upright position, mesially angulated position by 20degrees and distally angulated position of the same degree were simulated to investigate the effect of molar angulation. An anteriorly directed force of 200g, countertipping moment of 1,800gm-mm (9:1 moment/force ratio) and counterrotation moment of 1,000gm-mm (5:1 moment/force ratio) were applied in each situation. To evaluate the effect of molar rotation on the stress distribution, mesial-in rotation by 20degrees and the same amount of distal-in rotation were simulated. The same force and moments were applied in each situation. The results were as follows: In all situations, there was no significant difference in mesially directed tooth displacement. Also, any differences in stress distributions could not be found, in other words, there were no different mesial movements. Stress distributions and tooth displacement of the 20degrees mesially angulated situation were very similar with those of the 20degrees distal-in rotated situation. The same phenomenon was obserned between the 20degrees distally angulated situation and 20degrees mesial-in rotated situation. When the tooth was mesially angulated, or distal-in rotated, mesially directed force made the tooth rotate in the coronal plane, with its roots moving buccally, and its crown moving lingually. When the tooth was distally angulated, or mesial-in rotated, mesially directed force made the tooth rotate in the coronal plane, with its roots moving lingually, and its crown moving buccally. When force is applied to an angulated or rotated molar, the orthodontist should understand that additional torque control is needed to prevent unwanted tooth rotation in the coronal plane.
Crowns ; Molar* ; Periodontal Ligament* ; Tooth ; Torque

Bipotent progenitors for T and natural killer (NK) lymphocytes are thought to exist among early precursor thymocytes or liver lymphocytes. The identification of such a progenitor population or mature NK cells in such organs remains undefined. Here we report the identification of a novel receptor of NK cells, p58 (HLA class I-specific inhibitory receptors), in fetal thymocytes and fetal liver lymphocytes. Our finding suggests the NK cells mature in the developmental stage during feta1 ontogeny. Flow cytometric analysis revealed p58 positive cells in thymocytes or in fetal liver lymphocytes and reverse transcription PCR also showed amplification of p58 RNA. The result of single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) showed it discriminates one or two base pair differences of the p58 gene. Although the question still remains as to whether the expression of p58 is due to the NK cells or natural T cells, it is clear the p58 is expressed in fetal thymocytes or liver lymphocytes. And SSCP analysis using appropriate sets of primers used in this study, is helpful to study the diversity of p58.
Base Pairing ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Liver* ; Lymphocytes* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA ; T-Lymphocytes ; Thymocytes*

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate North Korean refugees' knowledge of mental illnesses and treatments and analyze the factors affecting this knowledge. METHODS: Subjects were selected via a snowball sampling method, and the survey outcomes of 152 North Korean refugee participants were analyzed. The factors affecting knowledge of mental illnesses were analyzed via a regression analysis by constructing a multivariate model with mental illness knowledge score as the dependent variable. RESULTS: The North Korean refugees' mental illness scores ranged from 3 to 24 points, with an average score of 13.0. Regarding the factors that influence mental illness knowledge, the subjects with South Korean spouses and those who had spent more time in South Korea had higher knowledge scores. Furthermore, the subjects who considered the mental health of North Korean refugees to be a serious issue revealed lower knowledge scores than those who did not believe it was a serious issue. The subjects who visit psychiatric clinics showed higher knowledge scores than those who do not. The South Korean subjects who had at least a college education exhibited higher scores than did those without advanced education. The subjects who are satisfied with life in South Korea manifested a higher mental illness knowledge score than those who are not. CONCLUSIONS: This study is significant as being the first study to ever measure and evaluate the level of North Korean refugees' knowledge of mental illnesses. In addition, the evaluations of North Korean refugees' mental illness knowledge and influencing factors while residing in South Korea created basic data that formed the foundation of an effort to enhance mental health literacy and provide proper mental health services. The results of this study can be utilized to solve mental health problems that might frequently occur during the unification process of North and South Korea in the future.
Adult ; Aged ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Female ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Literacy ; Male ; *Mental Health ; Middle Aged ; Refugees/*psychology ; Republic of Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires

A 38-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus had developed a cutaneous lesion of linear scleroderma on the forehead 4 years after the diagnosis of lupus erythematosus. This case of coexistence of the two diseases can be regarded as a clinical variant of the connective tissue disease-overlap syndrome.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications ; Scleroderma, Localized/*complications

For the management of small intracranial arteriovenous malformation(AVM), various methods were proposed and their clinical outcomes have been analyzed. Microsurgery, radiosurgery, and embolization can be effective for the treatment of small AVM. Small AVM is known to be at a higher risk of bleeding. Therefore, the aim of treatment should be the prevention of neurological deterioration from bleeding. Microsurgery has the advantage of prompt elimination of the risk of rebleeding by complete excision with single procedure. With the advance of microsurgical techniques, small AVM can be cured with minimal neurological deficit. Outcome of microsurgery depends on location, size, and numbers and patterns of draining veins, which mean Spetzler-Martin grades. Stereotactic device guided surgery, preoperative careful evaluation, intraoperative electrophysiological and hemodynamic monitoring, and experienced surgical skills can greatly reduce adverse brain injury and help complete and exact excision of malformations. Radiosurgery has its unique role for the deep seated AVM, but long term outcome remains to be evaluated. In the management of small AVM, surgery should be considered as the first line of treatment, and radiosurgery can be an alternative for the surgically inaccessible lesions.
Brain Injuries ; Hemodynamics ; Hemorrhage ; Microsurgery ; Radiosurgery ; Veins

Fetal thymus may be the organ for NK cell maturation, but the in vivo evidences are few, Here, by analyzing NK cell receptor, we present that NK cells develop in fetal thymus and fetal liver and that NK cell receptor appears earlier than the expression CD16 or CD56. Moreover, the finding that the repertoire of NK cell receptor is different between fetal thymus and fetal liver lymphocytes suggests that the environmental factors may influence the NK cell receptor repertoire during NK cell maturation.
Killer Cells, Natural* ; Liver* ; Lymphocytes* ; Thymocytes* ; Thymus Gland

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The apolipoprotein E (Apo E) epsilon4 allele is known to be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there are debates about the relationship between Apo E epsilon4 frequency and subcortical vascular dementia (SVaD). We compared the frequency of the Apo E epsilon4 allele in AD and SVaD in Koreans. METHODS: The study was comprised of 400 subjects who visited the Dementia Clinic at Daegu Catholic University from July 2007 to December 2011. Neuropsychological tests, a brain MRI, and blood laboratory tests were performed on all subjects. Two hundred and ninety subjects were AD, 32 subjects were SVaD and 78 subjects were normal. The diagnosis for SVaD was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and Erkinjuntti criteria, and the diagnosis for AD was based on the DSM-IV and National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and Alzheimer's disease and Related Disorders Association criteria. Apo E polymorphism was genotyped in all subjects. RESULTS: The Apo E epsilon4 allele frequency was 17.4% in AD, 10.9% in SVaD and 8.3% in the normal group (p=0.03). The odds ratio (OR) after age adjustment for AD conferred to the Apo E epsilon4 was 2.04 (p=0.04). But, the OR for SVaD conferred to the Apo E epsilon4 allele was 1.34 (p=0.62), indicating that the Apo E epsilon4 allele does not significantly confer the risk of SVaD. CONCLUSIONS: Apo E epsilon4 is a reliable predictor of AD but has modest efficacy for predicting SVaD in Koreans.
Alleles ; Alzheimer Disease* ; Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins* ; Brain ; Communication Disorders ; Daegu ; Dementia ; Dementia, Vascular* ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Gene Frequency ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors ; Stroke