The clincal importance of electroretinogram(ERG) lies in the diagnosis of suspected retinal dysfunction. The noncorneal ERG is essential for certain patients in which corneal recording is difficult such as children and uncooperators. ERGs were recorded using contact lens electrode and skin electrode in 31 volunteers. The results obtained were as follows: The b-wave amplitude with skin electrode was 28.4% compared to that with contact lens electrode. The best recording with skin electrode was made from skin point on the middle third of lower lid. When the eyeball was adducted or abdu cted, the maximum amplitude of b-wave with skin electrode was obtained from the canthus near the central cornea. When the stimulus intensity was elevated from 0.3 Joule to 60 Joules, the maximum amplitude with contact lens electrode was recorded with 20 Joules stimulation, but that with skin electrode was recorded with 60 Joules stimulation.
Child ; Cornea ; Diagnosis ; Electrodes* ; Humans ; Retinaldehyde ; Skin* ; Volunteers

The authors experienced 2 cases of Takayasu's arteritis which were associated with serous retinal detachment in two young women. Retinal detachment in Takayasu's arteritis is a rare complication. In case 1, proximal hypertension was complicated due to atypical coarctation of thoracic aorta. So the choroidal vascular insufficiency and choroidal ischemia resulted in focal serous retinal detachment. In case 2, insufficient blood supply to the head and upper extremities resulted from coarctation of ascending aorta and its main branches, and the hypotensive collapse of choroidal vessels resulted in choroidal ischemia and focal serous retinal detachment. From these phenomena, we suggest that serous retinal detachment in Takayasu's arteritis can occur due to hypertensive choroidopathy or hypotensive choroidopathy.
Aorta ; Aorta, Thoracic ; Choroid ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Ischemia ; Retinal Detachment* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Takayasu Arteritis* ; Upper Extremity

A 15 year-old male patient visited our department with a progressively enlarged conjunctival mass on Nov. 28, 1988. Excisional biopsy and histopathologic examination revealed cavernous hemangioma, an uncommon tumor of the conjunctiva. Authors report a case of cavernous hemangioma of the bulbar conjunctiva. A review of literature of recent years related to cavernous hemangioma was added.
Adolescent ; Biopsy ; Conjunctiva* ; Hemangioma, Cavernous* ; Humans ; Male

A 15 year-old male patient visited our department with a progressively enlarged conjunctival mass on Nov. 28, 1988. Excisional biopsy and histopathologic examination revealed cavernous hemangioma, an uncommon tumor of the conjunctiva. Authors report a case of cavernous hemangioma of the bulbar conjunctiva. A review of literature of recent years related to cavernous hemangioma was added.
Adolescent ; Biopsy ; Conjunctiva* ; Hemangioma, Cavernous* ; Humans ; Male

No abstract available.
Infarction* ; Middle Cerebral Artery*

The purpose of this clinical practice guideline (CPG) is to provide current and comprehensive recommendations for the medical and surgical management of primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Since the release of the first Korean CPGs for stroke, evidence has been accumulated in the management of ICH, such as intracranial pressure control and minimally invasive surgery, and it needs to be reflected in the updated version. The Quality Control Committee at the Korean Society of cerebrovascular Surgeons and the Writing Group at the Clinical Research Center for Stroke (CRCS) systematically reviewed relevant literature and major published guidelines between June 2007 and June 2013. Based on the published evidence, recommendations were synthesized, and the level of evidence and the grade of the recommendation were determined using the methods adapted from CRCS. A draft guideline was scrutinized by expert peer reviewers and also discussed at an expert consensus meeting until final agreement was achieved. CPGs based on scientific evidence are presented for the medical and surgical management of patients presenting with primary ICH. This CPG describes the current pertinent recommendations and suggests Korean recommendations for the medical and surgical management of a patient with primary ICH.
Cerebral Hemorrhage* ; Consensus ; Humans ; Intracranial Pressure ; Korea ; Peer Review ; Quality Control ; Stroke ; Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive ; Writing

BACKGROUND: Although several hospital-based stroke studies were published, there has not been any reliable data representing the clinical characteristics of stroke in Korea. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients with ischemic stroke registered in the Korean Stroke Registry (KSR), which is the largest prospective hospital-based nation-wide stroke registry in Korea. METHODS: The KSR provided standardized protocols for collecting data, which includes the data of demographics, subtypes of stroke, risk factors, and neurological outcome at discharge. The brain imaging studies, including CT or MRI, were performed in all cases. RESULTS: KSR registered 10,811 patients of acute ischemic stroke between Nov. 2002 and Jun. 2004. The large-artery atherosclerosis was the most common subtype (37.3%), followed by small vessel occlusion (30.8%). Hypertension (65.4%) was the most common risk factor, followed by smoking (34.5%) and diabetes (28.3%). Although most of the hypertensive and diabetic patients had been diagnosed before the stroke, less than 45.4% and 32.5% of them were under regular control. The steno-occlusive lesion of extracranial carotid artery was only 29.3% and the ratio of intra- to extracranial artery disease was more than 2 in KSR. Only 20.5% of patients were admitted within 3 hours after stroke onset and 2.1% were treated with intravenous thrombolysis. In-hospital case-fatality was 5.2%, which is relatively comparable to those of previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: The KSR provided informative data in understanding the clinical characteristics of ischemic stroke in Korea. Further analysis of KSR will facilitate clinical trials and development of guidelines for the management of stroke patients.
Arteries ; Atherosclerosis ; Carotid Arteries ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; Demography ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Korea ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuroimaging ; Prospective Studies* ; Registries ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stroke*