BACKGROUND: The causes of ADHD(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) are various, it is impossible to understand the whole characteristics of ADHD, only with simple intellignece testing scales. We compared cognitive characteristics of ADHD group with normal controls with Korean Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children(K-ABC), It is well known to evaluate neuropsychological and cognitive aspects of the children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Age and sex matched 40 ADHD patients and 40 normal controls tested with the K-ABC. Each subscales compared between pre-treatment patients and controls, pre-treatment and post-treatment in patient group, post-treatment patients and controls. RESULTS: Significant differences are ovserved in sequential processing, simultaneous processing, cognitive processing and achievement between pre-treatment patients and controls, and in gestalt closure between pre-treatment and post-treatment patients group. But there are no significant differences between pre-treatment patients and controls in gestalt closure and reading/decoding. CONCLUSIONS: Methylphenidate improved the scores of simultaneous scale, which means improvement of executive functions such as divided attention, analysis and organization. Methylphenidate also reduced distractibility.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Child ; Executive Function ; Humans ; Intelligence* ; Methylphenidate* ; Weights and Measures

Background: Although Korea ranks first in the suicide rate of elderly individuals, there is limited research on those who attempt suicide, with preventive measures largely based on population-based studies. We compared the demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly individuals who attempted suicide with those of younger adults who visited the emergency department after suicide attempts and identified the factors associated with lethality in the former group. Methods: Individuals who visited the emergency department after a suicide attempt from April 1, 2017, to January 31, 2020, were included. Participants were classified into two groups according to age (elderly, ≥65 years; adult, 18–64 years). Among the 779 adult patients, 123 were elderly. We conducted a chi-square test to compare the demographic and clinical features between these groups and a logistic regression analysis to identify the risk factors for lethality in the elderly group. Results: Most elderly participants were men, with no prior psychiatric history or suicide attempts, and had a higher prevalence of underlying medical conditions and attributed their attempts to physical illnesses. Being sober and planning suicide occurred more frequently in this group. In the elderly group, factors that increased the mortality rate were biological male sex (p<0.05), being accompanied by family members (p<0.05), and poisoning as a suicide method (p<0.01). Conclusion Suicide attempts in elderly individuals have different characteristics from those in younger adults and are associated with physical illness. Suicides in the former group are unpredictable, deliberate, and fatal. Therefore, tailored prevention and intervention strategies addressing the characteristics of those who are elderly and attempt suicide are required.

Background: Although Korea ranks first in the suicide rate of elderly individuals, there is limited research on those who attempt suicide, with preventive measures largely based on population-based studies. We compared the demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly individuals who attempted suicide with those of younger adults who visited the emergency department after suicide attempts and identified the factors associated with lethality in the former group. Methods: Individuals who visited the emergency department after a suicide attempt from April 1, 2017, to January 31, 2020, were included. Participants were classified into two groups according to age (elderly, ≥65 years; adult, 18–64 years). Among the 779 adult patients, 123 were elderly. We conducted a chi-square test to compare the demographic and clinical features between these groups and a logistic regression analysis to identify the risk factors for lethality in the elderly group. Results: Most elderly participants were men, with no prior psychiatric history or suicide attempts, and had a higher prevalence of underlying medical conditions and attributed their attempts to physical illnesses. Being sober and planning suicide occurred more frequently in this group. In the elderly group, factors that increased the mortality rate were biological male sex (p<0.05), being accompanied by family members (p<0.05), and poisoning as a suicide method (p<0.01). Conclusion Suicide attempts in elderly individuals have different characteristics from those in younger adults and are associated with physical illness. Suicides in the former group are unpredictable, deliberate, and fatal. Therefore, tailored prevention and intervention strategies addressing the characteristics of those who are elderly and attempt suicide are required.

Background: Although Korea ranks first in the suicide rate of elderly individuals, there is limited research on those who attempt suicide, with preventive measures largely based on population-based studies. We compared the demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly individuals who attempted suicide with those of younger adults who visited the emergency department after suicide attempts and identified the factors associated with lethality in the former group. Methods: Individuals who visited the emergency department after a suicide attempt from April 1, 2017, to January 31, 2020, were included. Participants were classified into two groups according to age (elderly, ≥65 years; adult, 18–64 years). Among the 779 adult patients, 123 were elderly. We conducted a chi-square test to compare the demographic and clinical features between these groups and a logistic regression analysis to identify the risk factors for lethality in the elderly group. Results: Most elderly participants were men, with no prior psychiatric history or suicide attempts, and had a higher prevalence of underlying medical conditions and attributed their attempts to physical illnesses. Being sober and planning suicide occurred more frequently in this group. In the elderly group, factors that increased the mortality rate were biological male sex (p<0.05), being accompanied by family members (p<0.05), and poisoning as a suicide method (p<0.01). Conclusion Suicide attempts in elderly individuals have different characteristics from those in younger adults and are associated with physical illness. Suicides in the former group are unpredictable, deliberate, and fatal. Therefore, tailored prevention and intervention strategies addressing the characteristics of those who are elderly and attempt suicide are required.

Background: Although Korea ranks first in the suicide rate of elderly individuals, there is limited research on those who attempt suicide, with preventive measures largely based on population-based studies. We compared the demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly individuals who attempted suicide with those of younger adults who visited the emergency department after suicide attempts and identified the factors associated with lethality in the former group. Methods: Individuals who visited the emergency department after a suicide attempt from April 1, 2017, to January 31, 2020, were included. Participants were classified into two groups according to age (elderly, ≥65 years; adult, 18–64 years). Among the 779 adult patients, 123 were elderly. We conducted a chi-square test to compare the demographic and clinical features between these groups and a logistic regression analysis to identify the risk factors for lethality in the elderly group. Results: Most elderly participants were men, with no prior psychiatric history or suicide attempts, and had a higher prevalence of underlying medical conditions and attributed their attempts to physical illnesses. Being sober and planning suicide occurred more frequently in this group. In the elderly group, factors that increased the mortality rate were biological male sex (p<0.05), being accompanied by family members (p<0.05), and poisoning as a suicide method (p<0.01). Conclusion Suicide attempts in elderly individuals have different characteristics from those in younger adults and are associated with physical illness. Suicides in the former group are unpredictable, deliberate, and fatal. Therefore, tailored prevention and intervention strategies addressing the characteristics of those who are elderly and attempt suicide are required.

A microdebrider is increasingly used in endoscopic sinus surgery. Although it has many advantages over conventional instruments, it has been associated with severe complications. We treated a case of rupture of the left medial rectus muscle after use of a microdebrider during endoscopic sinus surgery in a 50 year-old female patient who complained of binocular diplopia and exotropia. The patient showed marked limitation on adduction and about 40 prism diopters of left exodeviation. The orbital computed tomography showed a bony defect at the left medial orbital wall, and injury of the medial rectus muscle. The exodeviation was corrected after ophthalmologic surgery. We report a case of the rupture of the medial rectus muscle after use of a microdebrider during endoscopic sinus surgery and review the medical literature.
Diplopia ; Exotropia ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Orbit ; Rupture ; Telescopes

The characteristics and changes after methylphenidate treatment of executive functions were conducted. Forty elementary school children, over 85 in intelligence quotient, were selected as experimental group. They are diagnosed to have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). 40 normal control group were also selected. For comparing of executive functions, ADHD subjects were tested executive functions before and 4 weeks after methylphenidate. Normal control group were also tested. Several behavioral checklists were used, and Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Conners Continuous Performance Test, Stop Signal Task, Trail-Making Test (patr B), and Maze test were used. The executive functions and intelligence of ADHD were generally lower than normal control group. On CPT, ADHD showed significantly lower performances in commissions, hit reaction time standard errors, variability of standard errors, and attentiveness. On SST, ADHD presented significantly lower performance in probability of inhibit, stop signal reaction time, Z Score of relative finishing time, Mean delay time on each block, and primary standard deviation. On WCST, ADHD had meaningfully lower performance in total corrects, total errors, nonperseverative errors, completed category, and trials to 1st category completed. After medication, intelligence was not changed, but simultaneous processing ability was improved significantly. And the behavioral problems were improved, but still had differences comparing to control. Commission of Conners' CPT, all aspects of SST and total corrects of WCST were improved.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Checklist ; Child* ; Executive Function ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Methylphenidate ; Reaction Time

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mucin gene expression and mucin secretion are highly increased by inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and rhinosinusitis. Macrolide antibiotics is considered one of the effective drugs inhibiting mucus secretion for chronic bronchitis and rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp. However, the anti-secretory effect of macrolide is not clear. This study was designed to investigate whether macrolide can suppress interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced MUC4 gene expression and mucin secretion in the cultured human nasal polyp epithelial cells and NCI-H292 epithelial cells. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Nasal polyps were obtained from 20 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp during endoscopic sinus surgery. We observed the effect of roxithromycin on the IL-1beta-induced MUC4 gene and mucin secretion by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS: Roxithromycin attenuated the IL-1beta-induced MUC4 mRNA expression and mucin secretion with a dose dependent pattern in both of the cultured human nasal polyp epithelial cells and NCI-H292 epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: This result suggests that roxithromycin may be considered as an effective anti-hypersecretory agent for its down-regulation of the MUC4 gene.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Asthma ; Bronchitis, Chronic ; Down-Regulation ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epithelial Cells* ; Gene Expression* ; Humans* ; Interleukin-1beta ; Mucins ; Mucus ; Nasal Polyps ; RNA, Messenger ; Roxithromycin

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recent advances in medical management, along with increased life span, have contributed to the increased opportunity for detecting multiple primary malignancy (MPM). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical characteristics of MPM in the head and neck region. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of 984 patients with malignant tumors of head and neck who had been diagnosed histopathologically and treated between August 1985 to July 2005. RESULTS: Seventy patients (7.11%) were diagnosed as having MPM (double, n=66 ; triple, n=4). This group consisted of 67 men and 3 women (p<0.01). Twenty-five patients (36%) had synchronous double primary malignancy (SDPM) and 45 patients (64%) had metachronous double primary malignancy (MDPM). The hypopharynx was the most frequently involved site of the index tumor. The most common index tumors were squamous cell carcinoma histopathologically. Second primary malignancies were found in esophagus, stomach and lung. Fifty-five patients were found with first primary malignancy in head and neck, and 25 were with second primary malignancy. The patients with first and second primary malignancy in head and neck were 10 cases. The prognosis of SDPM (average of survival 11.1 months) was very poor. Patients with MPM have high cigarettes smoking and alcohol drinking habit. CONCLUSION: Patients with head and neck malignancies will require careful follow up for prevention, early detection, and the treatment of second primary malignancy.
Alcohol Drinking ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Esophagus ; Female ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; Head* ; Humans ; Hypopharynx ; Incidence ; Lung ; Male ; Medical Records ; Neck* ; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stomach ; Tobacco Products

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) is commonly used to evaluate the degree of sinus involvement in cases of inverted papilloma (IP). However, CT cannot differentiate tumor from adjacent inflammatory mucosa or retained secretions. By contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported to be useful in distinguishing IP from paranasal sinusitis. This study investigated whether preoperative assessment with MRI and CT accurately predict the extent of IP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT and MRI were retrospectively reviewed in 9 cases of IP. Patients were categorized into stages based on CT and MRI findings, according to the staging system proposed by Krouse. The involvement of IP in each sinus was also assessed. RESULTS: Differentiation of IP from inflammatory disease may be more successful in routine cases where the inflammatory mucosa has low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and very high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. CT imaging could not differentiate tumor from adjacent inflammatory mucosa or retained secretions. CONCLUSION: Preoperative MRI of IP can predict the location and extent of the tumor involvement in the paranasal sinuses and sometimes predicts malignant changes.
Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Mucous Membrane ; Papilloma, Inverted* ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Retrospective Studies ; Sinusitis