IgA nephropathy usually presents as asymptomatic microscopic hematuria or proteinuria or episodic gross hematuria after upper respiratory infection. It is an uncommon cause of end-stage renal failure in childhood. Pulmonary hemorrhage associated with IgA nephropathy is an unusual life-threatening manifestation in pediatric patients and is usually treated with aggressive immunosuppression. Pulmonary hemorrhage and renal failure usually occur concurrently, and the pulmonary manifestation is believed to be caused by the same immune process. We present the case of a 14-year-old patient with IgA nephropathy who had already progressed to end-stage renal failure in spite of immunosuppression and presented with pulmonary hemorrhage during oral prednisone treatment. His lung disease was comparable to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and was successfully treated with plasmapheresis followed by oral prednisone. This case suggests that pulmonary hemorrhage may develop independently of renal manifestation, and that plasmapheresis should be considered as adjunctive therapy to immunosuppressive medication for treating IgA nephropathy with pulmonary hemorrhage.
Adolescent ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA* ; Hematuria ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A* ; Immunosuppression ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Lung Diseases ; Plasmapheresis ; Prednisone ; Proteinuria ; Renal Insufficiency

PURPOSE: This study was designed to review the clinical outcome of infants who underwent tracheostomy in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a single center in Korea during 16 years. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 33 patients who underwent tracheostomy in NICU of Samsung Medical Center between January, 1997 and December, 2013. We collected data on timing, indications, clinical outcomes, and complications of tracheostomy in the study patients. We also compared these variables with those in another single center study (study A) recently showing the outcome of infants who underwent tracheostomy in a NICU of USA during 10 years. RESULTS: The median gestational age and birth weight of the study patients were 35 weeks, and 3,200 g, respectively. Gestational age of the study patients was greater than that of study A (35 weeks vs. 27 weeks). The most common indication for tracheostomy was airway disease (69.7%) in our study. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (9%) was less frequent indication for tracheostomy in our study when compared with in the study A (41%). Granuloma formation was the most common complication of tracheostomy (48%) and decannulation was accomplished in nine patients (27.3%). Although the mortality rate was 12.1%, no patient died from tracheostomy-related complications. CONCLUSION: Main causes of tracheostomy in our NICU are airway problems and neuromuscular diseases rather than bronchopulmonary dysplasia itself. For better clarification of clinical courses and outcomes related to tracheostomy performed in NICU in Korea, further study in a larger population will be needed.
Birth Weight ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; Gestational Age ; Granuloma ; Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal* ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Neuromuscular Diseases ; Retrospective Studies ; Tracheostomy*