PURPOSE: This study aims to establish a new strategy that provides for the rapid establishment of human clonal adipose derived stem cell (hADSC) lines with aspirated adipose tissue and to characterize newly generated hMSC lines for their cell phenotype, differentiation potential, lineage-specific gene expression. METHODS: Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs) were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue based on standard protocols. After incubation for 2 h, only the cell culture supernatant was transferred to a new dish. This process was repeated several times with 30 h incubations. RESULTS: We confirmed the difference in growth rate, however, differences were not seen in the differentiation capabilities and stemness of the each cell lines. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to establish cell lines via single cell level for application to disease specific tissue engineering.
Adipose Tissue ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Line ; Humans ; Phenotype ; Stem Cells ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Tissue Engineering

PURPOSE: To evaluate the radiological and clinical outcomes after operative treatment of displaced supracondylar fractures in children with lateral K-wire fixation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 69 displaced supracondylar fractures treated by closed reduction and percutaneous lateral K-wire fixation were included in this study. Carrying angle and range of motion were measured and graded by the Flynn criteria. To assess the accuracy of the reduction, Baumann angle and lateral humerocapital angles were compared to the contralateral side, and to evaluate the stability of fixation both measurements were taken immediately postoperatively and after K-wire removal. RESULTS: 55 cases (80%) were categorized as excellent and 12 cases (17%) as good. There were no significant statistical differences in Baumann angle and lateral humerocapital angle between postoperative and K-wire removal. Although there were 9 cases that showed differences in Baumann angle and 32 cases in lateral humerocapital angle of more than 10 degrees compared to the opposite side at the immediate postoperative radiograph, 9 cases showed satisfactory clinical results. CONCLUSION: Closed reduction and lateral K-wire fixation is considered as an acceptable modality of the treatment of displaced supracondylar fractures in children, and clinical outcome is more closely correlated with carrying angle and stability of fracture site rather than rotational deformity or hyperextension of fragment measured radiographically.
Child* ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Humans ; Humerus* ; Range of Motion, Articular

Purpose: Individual anatomical structural variations, including intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP), prostatic urethral angle (PUA), prostatic urethral length, or prostatic apex shape, were correlated with micturition symptoms. We aimed to investigate the effects of these variables on micturition symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)/lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Methods: This observational study was based on data from 263 men with the first visit to health promotion center and without BPH/LUTS treatment between March 2020 and September 2022. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine the variables affecting total international prostate symptom score, maximum flow rate (Qmax), and voiding efficacy (postvoid residual volume to total bladder volume ratio). Results: Of 263 patients, decreasing PUA increases the severity of international prostate symptoms score (mild, 141.9°; moderate, 136.0°; severe, 131.2°; P<0.015). A multivariate analysis reported that the total international prostate symptom score was correlated with age (P=0.002), PUA (P=0.007), and Qmax (P=0.008). Qmax was negatively associated with IPP (P=0.002). In subanalysis for large prostate volume (≥30 mL, n=81), international prostate symptom score was correlated with PUA (P=0.013), Qmax was correlated with prostatic apex shape (P=0.017), and length of proximal prostatic urethra (P=0.007). IPP was not identified as a significant factor. For small prostate volume (<30 mL, n=182), age (P=0.011) and prostate volume (P=0.004) are correlated with increasing Qmax. Conclusions This study presented that individual anatomical structure variations influenced the micturition symptoms according to prostate volume. To identify the major resistant factors in men with BPH/LUTS, further studies are required to investigate which components played a role in major resistant factors for micturition symptoms.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effective dose for imaging of mandible between multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). An MDCT with low dose technique was also compared with them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips were placed at 25 organ sites of an anthropomorphic phantom. The mandible of the phantom was exposed using 2 different types of MDCT units (Somatom Sensation 10 for standard-dose MDCT, Somatom Emotion 6 for low-dose MDCT) and 3 different CBCT units (AZ3000CT, Implagraphy, and Kavo 3D eXaM). The radiation absorbed dose was measured and the effective dose was calculated according to the ICRP 2007 report. RESULTS: The effective dose was the highest for Somatom Sensation 10 (425.84 microSv), followed by AZ3000CT (332.4 microSv), Somatom Emotion 6 (199.38 microSv), and 3D eXaM (111.6 microSv); it was the lowest for Implagraphy (83.09 microSv). The CBCT showed significant variation in dose level with different device. CONCLUSION: The effective doses of MDCTs were not significantly different from those of CBCTs for imaging of mandible. The effective dose of MDCT could be markedly decreased by using the low-dose technique.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Mandible ; Multidetector Computed Tomography ; Sensation ; Thermoluminescent Dosimetry

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the effects of energy level, reconstruction kernel, and tube rotation time on Hounsfield unit (HU) values of hydroxyapatite (HA) in virtual monochromatic images (VMIs) obtained with dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany).MATERIALS AND METHODS: A bone density calibration phantom with 3 HA inserts of different densities (CTWATER®; 0, 100, and 200 mg of HA/cm³) was scanned using a twin-beam DECT scanner at 120 kVp with tube rotation times of 0.5 and 1.0 seconds. The VMIs were reconstructed by changing the energy level (with options of 40 keV, 70 keV, and 140 keV). In order to investigate the impact of the reconstruction kernel, virtual monochromatic images were reconstructed after changing the kernel from body regular 40 (Br40) to head regular 40 (Hr40) in the reconstruction phase. The mean HU value was measured by placing a circular region of interests (ROIs) in the middle of each insert obtained from the VMIs. The HU values were compared with regard to energy level, reconstruction kernel, and tube rotation time.RESULTS: Hydroxyapatite density was strongly correlated with HU values (correlation coefficient=0.678, P<0.05). For the HA 100 and 200 inserts, HU decreased significantly at increased energy levels (correlation coefficient= −0.538, P<0.05) but increased by 70 HU when using Hr40 rather than Br40 (correlation coefficient=0.158, P<0.05). The tube rotation time did not significantly affect the HU (P>0.05).CONCLUSION: The HU values of hydroxyapatite were strongly correlated with hydroxyapatite density and energy level in VMIs obtained with DECT.
Bone Density ; Calibration ; Durapatite ; Head ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to evaluate the dose-related effects of naloxone on morphine analgesia in the rat formalin test, and observe the correlation of pain behavior and spinal c-fos expression induced by a formalin injection. METHODS: Fifty rats were divided into five groups; control, morphine (morphine pre-treated, intra-peritoneal injection of 0.1 mg of morphine 5 min prior to formalin injection), and three naloxone groups, which were divided according to the administered dose-ratio of naloxone to morphine; 20: 1 (5microgram), 10: 1 (10microgram), and 1: 1 (100microgram) representing the low-, medium-, and high-dose naloxone groups, respectively, were injected intra-peritoneally 16 min after a formalin. A fifty ul of 5% formalin was injected into the right hind paw. All rats were observed for their pain behavior according to the number of flinches during phases 1 (2-3, 5-6 min) and 2 (1 min per every 5 min from 10 to 61 min). The spinal c-fos expression was quantitatively analyzed at 1 and 2 hours after the formalin injection using a real-time PCR. RESULTS: The morphine pre-treated (morphine and three naloxone) groups during phase 1, and the morphine, low- and medium-dose naloxone groups during phase 2, showed significantly less flinches compared to those of the control (P < 0.05). In the three naloxone groups, the numbers of flinches were transiently reduced following the naloxone injection in the low- and medium-dose groups compared to those of the morphine group (P < 0.05). The duration of the reduced flinches was longer in the medium-dose group (P < 0.05). The high-dose group revealed immediate increases in flinches immediately after the naloxone injection compared to those of the morphine, low- and medium-dose groups (P < 0.05 for each). The spinal c-fos expression showed no significant patterns between the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that relatively low-dose naloxone (1/20 to 1/10 dose-ratio of morphine) transiently potentiates morphine analgesia; whereas, high-dose (equal dose-ratio of morphine) reverses the analgesia, and the spinal c-fos expression does not always correlate with pain behavior in the rat formalin test.
Analgesia* ; Animals ; Formaldehyde* ; Morphine* ; Naloxone* ; Pain Measurement* ; Rats* ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

PURPOSE: To investigate the general epidemiologic features of upper extremity fractures in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of the 589 in-patient children treated for upper extremity fractures over a 1-year period at 7 different hospitals were collected prospectively and analyzed. The severity of trauma was classified as slight, moderate or severe. This study examined the incidence of various upper extremity fractures and performed statistical analysis according to the epidemiologic parameters including age, gender and season. RESULTS: The average age of the children was 7.8 years. The average age of boys (8.5 years) was older than girls (6.4 years). The majority of fractures occurred at between 4 and 7 years of age (36%). The male to female ratio was approximately 2:1. The male predominance increased with age and increased dramatically in the age group, 12-16 years (5.8:1). The left side was injured more frequently (56%), and there was no difference between genders. The occurrence of fractures varied with the seasons with peaks in May (14.1%) and August (12.2%), and it was closely related to the temperature (r=0.778). The most common fractures were the supracondylar fractures of the humerus (32.6%), followed by distal radius fractures (18.2%), lateral condylar fractures (15.8%), radio-ulna shaft fractures (8%), clavicle fractures (4.2%), proximal humerus fractures (2.6%) and humerus shaft fractures (2.4%). Ninety seven percent of fractures were caused by a slight and moderate trauma. Fifty four percent of injured children underwent surgery, and 84% of operations were performed on the fractures around the elbow. CONCLUSION: This study examined the epidemiologic features of the upper extremity fractures in children.
Child ; Male ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence

A malignant fibrous histiocytoma is a malignant soft tissue neoplasm that occurs frequently in the metaphyseal ends of the long bones of adults. The lung is a common site for metastasis but it is a rare site for a primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Here we report a case of a primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the lung. The patient was a 53-year-old man who presented with a moderate amount of a left pleural effusion and an ill-defined mass in the left lower lobe on a chest radiograph and a local invasion to the left 10th and 11th rib on chest CT. Under the strong suspicion of lung cancer with a pleural invasion, a serial diagnostic thoracentesis was performed. The cytologic examination of the pleural effusion revealed no malignant cells. Consequently, a thoracoscopic pleural biopsy was performed. The histological examination revealed slender spindle cells and scattered epitheloid cells arranged in a vague storiform or a whirling pattern. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells tested positive for vimentin and negative for cytokeratin, desmin, CD34 and PAS. These features were consistent with a malignant fibrous histiocytoma. This case is an unusual addition to the small number of published reports on a primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the lung.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Desmin ; Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous* ; Humans ; Keratins ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pleural Effusion ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Ribs ; Sarcoma* ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vimentin

PURPOSE: Several radioisotope-labeled thymidine derivatives such as [11C]thymidine was developed to demonstrate cell proliferation in tumor. But it is difficult to track metabolism with [11C]thymidine due to rapid in vivo degradation and its short physical half-life. 3'-[18F]fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine ([18F]FLT) was reported to have the longer half life of fluorine-18 and the lack of metabolic degradation in vivo. Here, we described the synthesis of the 3'-[18F]fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine ([18F]FLT) and compared with [18F]FET and [18F]FDG in cultured 9L cell and obtained the biodistribution and PET image in 9L tumor bearing rats. MATERIAL AND METHOD: For the synthesis of [18F]FLT, 3-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-(5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2'-deoxy-3'-O-(4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-beta-D-threopentofuranosyl)thymine was used as a FLT precursor, on which the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group was introduced to protect N3-position and nitrobenzenesulfonyl group. Radiolabeling of nosyl substitued precursor with 18F was performed in acetonitrile at 120 degrees C and deproteced with 0.5 N HCl. The cell uptake was measured in cultured 9L glioma cell. The biodistribution was evaluated in 9L tumor bearing rats after intravenous injection at 10 min, 30 min, 60 min and 120 min and obtained PET image 60 minutes after injection. RESULTS: The radiochemical yield was about 20-30% and radiochemical purity was more than 95% after HPLC purification. Cellular uptake of [18F]FLT was increased as time elapsed. At 120 min post-injection, the ratios of tumor/blood, tumor/muscle and tumor/brain were 1.61+/-0.34, 1.70+/-0.30 and 9.33+/-2.22, respectively. The 9L tumor was well visualized at 60 min post injection in PET image. CONCLUSION: The uptake of [18F]FLT in tumor was higher than in normal brain and PET image of [18F]FLT was acceptable. These results suggest the possibility of [18F]FLT as an imaging agent for brain tumor.
Animals ; Brain ; Brain Neoplasms ; Cell Proliferation ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Glioma* ; Half-Life ; Injections, Intravenous ; Metabolism ; Rats* ; Thymidine

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical, laboratory, and pathologic characteristics of dense deposit disease (DDD) in Korean children and to determine whether these characteristics differ between Korean and American children with DDD. In 2010, we sent a structured protocol about DDD to pediatric nephrologists throughout Korea. The data collected were compared with previously published data on 14 American children with DDD. Korean children had lower 24-hr urine protein excretion and higher serum albumin levels than American children. The light microscopic findings revealed that a higher percentage of Korean children had membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis patterns (Korean, 77.8%; American, 28.6%, P = 0.036), whereas a higher percentage of American children had crescents (Korean, 0%; American, 78.6%, P < 0.001). The findings from the electron microscopy revealed that Korean children were more likely to have segmental electron dense deposits in the lamina densa of the glomerular basement membrane (Korean, 100%; American, 28.6%, P = 0.002); mesangial deposit was more frequent in American children (Korean, 66.7%; American, 100%, P = 0.047). The histological findings revealed that Korean children with DDD were more likely to show membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis patterns than American children. The degree of proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia was milder in Korean children than American children.
Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Creatinine/blood ; Edema/etiology ; Female ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/*pathology ; Hematuria/etiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Proteinuria/etiology ; Republic of Korea ; Serum Albumin/analysis ; United States