No abstract available.
Classification* ; Joints*

No abstract available.
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations* ; Risk Factors*

The extensive knowledge of accurate anatomical morphology and acceptable proportion of the eyelid and orbit should be needed for plastic surgeons. The normal morphological and functional values of eyelids and orbits are variable according to races, sex and ages, and there are a few articles concerning them in Korea yet. The author measured eigt items of morphological and functional values of eyelids in Koreans and statistically analyzed them in 498 individuals including 234 males and 264 females. We divided them into nine age-related groups and measured the values. Especially, we subdivided 10 to 19 year-old group into three subgroup concretely because most of the values in the 10 to 19 year-old group reach the peak level of growth. The mean values in adults were recorded as follows: The horizontal dimension of the palpebral fissure was 27.0 +/- 1.8 mm in males and 26.8 +/- 1,7 mm in females and the vertical dimension of the palpebral fissure was 8.0 +/- 1.0 mm in female. The slant of the palpebral fissure was 7.9 +/- 2.4 degrees in males and 8.8 +/- 2.3 degrees in females and the height of the opened upper eyelid was 12.4 +/- 2.4 mm in males and 12.0 +/- 1.9 mm in females. The height of double fold in closed eye was 6.6 mm in males and 6.5 mm in femals and the intercanthal distance was 38.4 +/- 3.0 mm in males and 38.2 +/- 2.8 mm in females. The interpupillary distance was 64.6 +/- 2.9 mm in males and 63.6 +/- 2.9 mm in females. A double fold was seen in 36.1% of Korean. The average height of the double fold in closed eye was about 6.5 mm. The epicanthus present in 58.6% of Korean eyes and the most commom type was epicantus tarsalis. The growth of eyelids reached the peak level at teenager in a great portion. After the peak level, the changing pattern of eyelids could be divided into 3 groups; the first one was increasing more, the second was stationary, and the third was decreasing gradually. The peak levle of growth reached at 10 to 13-year-old in the vertical dimension of the palpebral fissure, at 14 to 16-year-old in the intercanthal distance, at 17 to 19-year-old in the horizontal dimension of the palpebral fissure.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Continental Population Groups ; Eyelids* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Orbit* ; Vertical Dimension ; Young Adult

No abstract available.
Acceleration* ; Lasers, Semiconductor* ; Wound Healing* ; Wounds and Injuries*

Endoscopic technique have become very popular in plastic and reconstructive surgery. They have provided advantages over previously closed techniques by minimizing scars, soft tissue manipulation and access with excellent visualization and magnification. More than twenty cases of facial bone surgery were performed over the past 3 years by endoscopic assistance. Our series consist of 3 cases of frontal bone contouring, 1 zygoma contouring, 3 fracture of zygoma, 9 fracture of orbit, 4 rhinoplasty for deviated nose. To accomplish this technique, a rigid 4 mm, 30 degree down angled endoscope was used. The frontal bone or zygomatic arch is approached endoscopically through two or three small incisions on the temporoparietal scalp. All endoscopic instrument are then manipulated through these incisions. The approach for zygoma complex, maxilla and mandible needs intraoral incision. Recontouring by a power bur and osteotomy using a small saw are done with endoscopic visual assistance. Rigid fixation requires an additional small incision over the plate for trocar method. The other technique was same with routine standard rhinoplasty procedures. The duration of follow-up ranged 3 months to 27 months. The postoperative course were satisfactory with fewer complication than conventional technique. The extra-time need for the endoscopic procedures was about 1 hour Endoscopically assisted facial bone recontouring, osteotomy and plate fixation can be performed with adequate visualization and direct manipulation of all facial bone. Complications usually associated with extensive incisions and pool visualization may be avoided. This technique may prove to be ideal for aesthetic surgery for facia skeleton with smaller scars and less morbidity.
Cicatrix ; Endoscopes ; Facial Bones ; Follow-Up Studies ; Frontal Bone ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Nose ; Orbit ; Osteotomy ; Plastics ; Rhinoplasty ; Scalp ; Skeleton ; Surgical Instruments ; Zygoma

Macrostomia is a relatively rare malformation. There have been many surgical methods for the correction of macrostomia. The old method, a simple straight line closure , did not include reconstruction of the orbicularis oris muscle. Postoperatively, a depressed scar and severe contraction on the cheek were found, especially with animation. As a result, many authors have known that reconstruction of the orbicularis oris muscle was very important to avoid a depressed scar for the correction of macrostomia. The tendency toward lateral displacement of the reconstructed commissure has been attributed to linear scar contraction, and Z-plasty is advocated to prevent this deformity. However, we found that the Z-plasty scar may be conspicuous when the patient smiles. So we performed reconstruction of the orbicularis oris muscle to avoid a depressed scar, and straight line closure to avoid a conspicuous scar. In order to prevent linear scar contracture due to straight line closure, we overcorrected the new commissure. We treated 6 cases of macrostomia form May 1, 1996 to April 30, 1999 using straight line closure and reconstruction of the orbicularis oris muscle. Periods of follow-up were from 12 months to 35 months, with an average of 20,2 months. Every patient was analyzed clinically by ordinary scale method and anthropometrically by the ratio of abnormal distances to normal distances between cheilion and crista philtri. In 3 clinical assessments : symmetry of the commissure was excellent: degree of the scar at rest was good: and degree of depression with animation was excellent. The anthropometrical ratio was 1:1.05. Despite the fact that the linear scars were perpendicular to the minimal skin tension lines, the scars were inconspicuous. The muscle repair provided reconstruction to the modiolus and gave a natural appearance to the commissure, however it did not seem to provide sufficient bulkiness around the commissure. The straight line skin closure and repair of the orbicularis oris muscle provide effective functional and aesthetic reconstruction.
Cheek ; Cicatrix ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Contracture ; Depression ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Macrostomia* ; Skin

It is difficult to treat the complete cleft lip because of wide cleft and malaligned alveolar process, outward rotation of greater(medial) alveolar segment, and severe nasal deformity. Lip adhesion without presurgical orthopedic appliance was performed on 8 consecutive infants with unilateral complete cleft of the primary palate before denfinitive lip repair with Millard I procedure. Among 8 patients, 6 patients had complete unilateral cleft lip with alveolar cleft only and 2 patients were accompanied with complete cleft palate. All patients had more than a 10-mm-wide lip cleft with alveolar arch discrepancy. Lip adhesions were performed at 1-2 months of age and definitive repair was done at 5-6 months of age. Lip adhesions were performed by Randall's method and cheiloplasty was done by Millard I technique. Satisfactory results of lip and nose were obtained aesthetically in 8 cases after an average follow-up of 32 months. The vertical height of the medial and lateral lip segment were a symmetric appearance, while the vermilion tubercle, philtrum, and Cupid's bow were natural. Disadvantages included increased operating time and the sacrifice of same-lip tissue. In conclusion, preliminary lip adhesion can have better functional, esthetic and emotional results since the disadvantages are minor compared to the advantages.
Alveolar Process ; Cleft Lip* ; Cleft Palate ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Lip* ; Nose ; Orthopedics ; Palate

Autogenous costal cartilage graft has been commonly used for reconstruction of auricular deformity. However, the risk of complication and discomfort at the donor site, as well as distortion of the graft due to morphological change in the cartilage have been serious drawbacks to this procedure. Previous studies examining the chondrogenic potential of perichondrium have suggested that perichondrium may be used as graft for cartilage reconstruction. When a perichondrial flap or a free perichondrium was used as graft, new cartilage formed appositional to the grafted perichondrium. However, the neocartilage was often irregular in shape and varied considerably in quantity. In this study, the feasibility of controlling the shape and the mass of neocartilage was investigated using coral, a porous biomaterial, as a template. A coral a template was wrapped with perichondrial flap from the ears of New Zealand white rabbits and placed into a subcutaneous pocket in the rabbits and placed into a subcutaneous pocket in the rabbit's back by incision. A total of 12 animals were used. Formation of new cartilage was later evaluated by gross and histological examination of the perichondrial flap and the coral template. New cartilage was formed in 11 animals. Immature chondrocytes were visible by 3 weeks after the surgery, and by 8 weeks the immature chondrocytes had formed a cartilage. New cartilage was formed only on the surface of the coral template. These results indicated that the shape and the mass of new cartilage may be controlled by using coral template. Therefore, the desired shape of cartilage may be achieved using a coral template of corresponding shape, and this may help in correcting subtle auricular contour defect and in correcting other structural defects that also require new cartilage formation.
Animals ; Anthozoa* ; Cartilage ; Chondrocytes ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Ear ; Humans ; Rabbits ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants

No abstract available.
Burns* ; Granulation Tissue*

In correction of ptosis, symmetry of lid contour, lash position and lid height must be matched. Most of blepharoptosis patients want to perform both the double eyelid operation and ptosis repair at the same time to achieve the best cosmetic and functional result. Using a surgical technique directed at the levator aponeurosis or the frontalis muscle with double eyelid operation, we corrected 13 cases of unilateral and 10 cases of bilateral congenital blepharoptosis. In unilateral ptosis with good or fair levator function, levator resection was performed and the position of the lid margin was adjusted at 1~2 mm below the superior limbus. The height of the lid crease of the ptotic eye is determined 1~3 mm lower than that of normal side. The position of the lid margin is adjusted at the level of the superior limbus and the height of the lid crease of the ptotic eye is determined 2~4 mm lower than that of nonptotic side. The advantages of this approach are normal anatomic planes of the eyelid are maintained, to obtain symmetry of both eyelids relatively easily, entropion may be prevented, and to achieve aesthetically pleasing results.
Blepharoptosis* ; Entropion ; Eyelids* ; Humans