The sensitivity and specificity of ST segment change on ECG for detection of coronary artery disease(CAD) by pacing stress test were assessed. Among 28 cases with chest pain(mean age 52, M/F : 21/7), 10 patients had normal coronary angiographic finding(Group I), and 18 had coronary artery disease(Group II). Pacing stress test showed high specificity(100%), but low sensitivity(61%) for the diagnosis of CAD. Especially in patients with 1 vessel disease, the sensitivity was only 50%, and positive results were not attained unless there was at least 90% or more stenosis in any of the major branches(LAD, RCA or LCX). But in patients with multivessel disease, the sensitivity was much higher(83%). Lateral(V4-6) or inferior leads(2, 3, aVF) showed ischemic ST segment depression most commonly. Therefore one of the inferior lead and V5 may be a minimum requirement for monitoring pacing-induced ST segment changes. Time constant during isovolumic relaxation showed statistically significant prolongation after pacing only in CAD patient group, suggesting pacing-induced impairment of early left ventricular relaxation.
Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Depression ; Diagnosis* ; Electrocardiography ; Exercise Test ; Humans ; Relaxation ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thorax

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the histolopathogical effects among the biolimus, zotarolimus, and everolimus eluting stent (EES) in the porcine coronary restenosis model. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Pigs were randomized into three groups in which the coronary arteries (15 pigs, 10 coronaries in each group) had either a biolimus A9 eluting stent (BES, n=10), zotarolimus eluting stent (ZES, n=10) or an EES (n=10). Histopathologic analysis was performed at 28 days after stenting. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the injury score among the three groups. There was a significant difference in the internal elastic lamina, lumen area, neointima area, percent area stenosis, and the fibrin and inflammation score among the three groups (4.3+/-0.53 mm2, 2.5+/-0.93 mm2, 1.8+/-1.03 mm2, 40.7+/-20.80%, 1.7+/-0.41, 1.4+/-0.72 in the BES group vs. 5.1+/-0.55 mm2, 2.3+/-1.14 mm2, 2.8+/-1.00 mm2, 55.4+/-21.23%, 2.0+/-0.39, 1.6+/-0.76 in the ZES group vs. 4.4+/-0.53 mm2, 1.7+/-1.22 mm2, 2.8+/-1.23 mm2, 64.0+/-26.00%, 1.8+/-0.76, 2.1+/-0.90 in the EES group, respectively). BES is more effective in inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia compared to ZES and EES (p<0.0001). According to the fibrin and inflammation score, BES and EES are more effective in decreasing the fibrin deposition compared to ZES (p<0.001). Moreover, BES and ZES are more effective in reducing the inflammatory reaction compared to EES (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The result demonstrates that BES shows better histopathological characteristics than ZES and EES at one month after stenting in the porcine coronary restenosis model.
Alkanesulfonic Acids ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Restenosis* ; Coronary Vessels ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; Fibrin ; Hyperplasia ; Inflammation ; Neointima ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Sirolimus ; Stents* ; Swine ; Everolimus

Single coronary artery is a rare coronary artery anomaly. Very few previous reports of this anatomical malformation in swine have been found. A 22 kg Yorkshire X Landrace F1 crossbred castrated male swine was presented for enrollment in a coronary stent implantion study. Coronary angiography revealed a single coronary artery arising from the right aortic sinus. The right coronary artery and anomalous left coronary artery were implanted with novel coronary stents without any side effects.
Arteries* ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Vessels* ; Humans ; Male ; Sinus of Valsalva* ; Stents ; Swine*

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. METHODS: We analyzed the sepsis registry of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary urban hospital and meeting the criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock from August 2008 to March 2012. We categorized patients into the underweight group (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), the normal weight group (18.5 < or = BMI < 25 kg/m2) and the obese group (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2). Then, we analyzed the registry to evaluate the relation between obesity and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 770 adult patients with severe sepsis and septic shock were analyzed. In-hospital mortality rate of the underweight group (n = 86), the normal weight group (n = 489) and the obese group (n = 195) was 22.1%, 15.3% and 16.4%, respectively. In a multivariate regression analysis, the underweight group had a significant association with in-hospital mortality compared with the normal weight group (odds ratio [OR], 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-1.87; p = 0.028). The obese group showed no significant difference in mortality (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.08-3.86; p = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: The underweight patients showed significantly higher mortality than the normal weight patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.
Adult ; Body Mass Index* ; Emergencies ; Hospital Mortality ; Hospitals, Urban ; Humans ; Mortality ; Obesity ; Sepsis* ; Shock, Septic* ; Thinness

Patients with NIDDM are at increased risk for the development of coronary atherosclerosis and experience more silent myocardial infarction than non-diabetic subjects. The screening tools for early detection of coronary artery disease without significant narrowing has been requested in diabetic patients. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) score, quantified by electron beam computed tomography (EBT), have been reported to correlate with the amount of atherosclerotic plaque and vascular luminal narrowing. We investigated the distribution of CAC score and associated risk factors in asymptomatic NIDDM patients and patients with ischemic heart disease to estimate the usefulness of CAC as a screenig tool for ischemic heart disease in asymptomatic diabetes. METHOD: 136 NIDDM patients without any symptom of coronary artery disease and 37 patients with significant coronary artery stenosis were included. CAC were measured by electron bean tomography (ultrafast CT). Forty contiguous 3-mm thickness transverse two-dimensional sections were obtained through root of aorta and heart. Coronary calcification were defined as the presense of at least two adjacent pixel within the border of visualized coronary artery with CT number of at least 130 HU. Body mass index, waist-hip ratio were measured and body fat components were counted by impedence method. Visceral fat versus subcutaneous fat ratio were calculated by abdominal computed tomography. Plasma lipid profile, fasting insulin, C-peptide level, HbA1c concentration were measured. Correlations between natural log of CAC score and clinical parameters were evaluated and multiple regression analysis with natural log of CAC score as a independent variable was performed. Coronary angiography were performed in 17 asymptomatic NIDDM patients.. RESULT: CAC score was significantly higher in male than female subjects and increased significantly with aging (p<0.01). In patients with hypertension, previous history of cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular disease (p<0.05), CAC score was significantly increased. The CAC score showed significant positive correlations with smoking amount, duration of diabetes and a negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05). There were no association between CAC score and total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, waist to hip circumference ratio, or fasting insulin levels. After adjustment of compounding variables (age, sex), duration of diabetes, amount of smoking and previous history of atherosclerotic vascular disease were shown to be associated with CAC score. In multiple logistic regression analysis with natural log of CAC score as dependent variable, age, HDL-cholesterol, duration of diabetes, male gender were found to be significant independent variables. Seventeen diabetic patients with high CAC score, were taken coronary angiography and significant luminal narrowings (more than 50%) of coronary artery were documented in 16 patients. But, In 7 out of 17 patients with coronary one-vessel disease, coronary calcification were not detected by EBT. CONCLUSION: coronary artery calcium score quantified by electron beam computed tomography may be useful for screening of preclinical or asymptomatic coronary artery disease in asymptomatic NIDDM patients.
Adipose Tissue ; Aging ; Aorta ; Body Mass Index ; C-Peptide ; Calcium ; Cholesterol ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Disease ; Coronary Stenosis ; Coronary Vessels* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Fasting ; Female ; Heart ; Hip ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Insulin ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mass Screening* ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Peripheral Vascular Diseases ; Phenobarbital ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; Plasma ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed* ; Vascular Diseases ; Waist-Hip Ratio

In the article cited above, fourth line of the first paragraph in Methods part, page 1085, has an error. Chonbuk National University Hospital should be corrected as “Chonnam National University Hospital.”

In the article cited above, fourth line of the first paragraph in Methods part, page 1085, has an error. Chonbuk National University Hospital should be corrected as “Chonnam National University Hospital.”

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the effect of the early use of ezetimibe/simvastatin (Vytorin(R)) on arterial healing and endothelialization after the implantation of a drug-eluting stent (DES) in a porcine model of coronary restenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 pigs (40 coronary arteries) were randomly allocated to a pretreatment or no treatment group. The pretreatment group (n=20) received oral ezetimibe/simvastatin (10/20 mg) daily for 7 days before stenting and the no pretreatment group (n=20) did not. All pigs were treated with ezetimibe/simvastatin (10/20 mg) daily after stenting for 4 weeks. Stenting was performed using a bare-metal stent (BMS, n=10) and three types of DES: biolimus A9-eluting stent (BES, n=10), zotarolimus-eluting stent (ZES, n=10), and everolimus-eluting stents (EES, n=10). Four weeks later, pigs underwent a follow-up coronary angiography and were sacrificed for histopathologic analysis. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the pretreatment and no pretreatment groups in the internal elastic lamina area, lumen area, neointima area, stenotic area, injury score, fibrin score, and inflammation score. In both groups, the fibrin score was higher in pigs with DES than in BMS, particularly in ZES and EES. The inflammatory score was not different between DES and BMS. CONCLUSION: In a porcine model of coronary restenosis, pretreatment with ezetimibe/simvastatin before DES implantation failed to improve arterial healing and endothelialization compared to treatment after stenting.
Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Restenosis* ; Drug-Eluting Stents* ; Fibrin ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Inflammation ; Neointima ; Stents ; Swine ; Ezetimibe

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study appraised the long term clinical outcomes of patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) disease. There are limited data regarding long-term clinical outcomes after PCI for ULMCA disease. METHODS: From 2001 to 2011, a total of 448 patients who underwent PCI for ULMCA disease and had 2-year clinical follow-up, were analyzed. The study patients were divided into two groups: group I (stable angina pectoris [SAP], n = 60, 48 men, 62 ± 10 years) and group II (acute coronary syndrome [ACS], n = 388, 291 men, 64 ± 10 years). We evaluated clinical and angiographic characteristics and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during 2-year clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Mean age of studied patients was 64 ± 10 years with 339 male patients. Average stent diameter was 3.6 ± 0.4 mm and stent length was 19.7 ± 6.3 mm. Stent implantation techniques and use of intravascular ultrasound guidance were not different between two groups. In-hospital mortality was 0% in group I and 7% in group II (p = 0.035). One-month mortality was 0% in group I and 7.7% in group II (p = 0.968). Two-year survival rate was 93% in the group I and 88.4% in the group II (p = 0.921). Predictive factors for 2-year MACE were hypertension, Killip class ≥ 3, and use of intra-aortic balloon pump by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Although in-hospital mortality rate was higher in ACS than in SAP, clinical outcomes during 2-year clinical follow-up were similar between SAP and ACS after PCI of ULMCA.
Acute Coronary Syndrome* ; Angina Pectoris ; Angina, Stable* ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Male ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention* ; Stents ; Survival Rate ; Ultrasonography

Statins have pleiotropic effects, which include the inhibition of neointima hyperplasia, the inhibition of vascular inflammation, and platelet inhibition. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an atorvastatin-eluting stent (AES) in a rabbit iliac artery overstretch restenosis model. Ten rabbits were used in this study (10 rabbits, 10 iliac arteries for each stent). An AES and paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) were implanted in the left and right iliac arteries in a rabbit (2 stents in each rabbit). The stents were deployed with oversizing (stent/artery ratio 1.3:1), and histopathologic analysis was assessed at 28 days after stenting. There were no significant differences in the injury score, lumen area, or inflammation score. There were significant differences in the neointimal area (0.7+/-0.18 mm2 in the AES group vs. 0.4+/-0.25 mm2 in the PES group, p<0.01), in the percentage stenosis area (14.8+/-5.06% in the AES group vs. 10.5+/-6.80% in the PES group, p<0.05), and in the fibrin score (0.4+/-0.51 in the AES group vs. 2.7+/-0.48 in the PES group, p<0.001). Although the AES did not suppress neointimal hyperplasia compared with the PES, it showed a superior arterial healing effect in a rabbit iliac artery overstretch restenosis model.
Blood Platelets ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Restenosis ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; Fibrin ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Hyperplasia ; Iliac Artery ; Inflammation ; Neointima ; Rabbits ; Stents