No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Basal Cell ; Osteogenesis

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a role in various cellular phenomena, including autophagy, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Although recent studies have reported its involvement in nociceptive responses in several pain models, whether mTOR is involved in orofacial pain processing is currently unexplored. This study determined whether rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, reduces nociceptive responses and the number of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) in a mouse orofacial formalin model. We also examined whether the glial cell expression and phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the TNC are affected by rapamycin. Mice were intraperitoneally given rapamycin (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg); then, 30 min after, 5% formalin (10 l) was subcutaneously injected into the right upper lip. The rubbing responses with the ipsilateral forepaw or hindpaw were counted for 45 min. High-dose rapamycin (1.0 mg/kg) produced significant antinociceptive effects in both the first and second phases of formalin test. The number of Fos-ir cells in the ipsilateral TNC was also reduced by high-dose rapamycin compared with vehicle-treated animals. Furthermore, the number of p-p38-ir cells the in ipsilateral TNC was significantly decreased in animals treated with high-dose rapamycin; p-p38 expression was co-localized in microglia, but not neurons and astrocytes. Therefore, the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, reduces orofacial nociception and Fos expression in the TNC, and its antinociceptive action on orofacial pain may be associated with the inhibition of p-p38 MAPK in the microglia.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a role in various cellular phenomena, including autophagy, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Although recent studies have reported its involvement in nociceptive responses in several pain models, whether mTOR is involved in orofacial pain processing is currently unexplored. This study determined whether rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, reduces nociceptive responses and the number of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) in a mouse orofacial formalin model. We also examined whether the glial cell expression and phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the TNC are affected by rapamycin. Mice were intraperitoneally given rapamycin (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg); then, 30 min after, 5% formalin (10 l) was subcutaneously injected into the right upper lip. The rubbing responses with the ipsilateral forepaw or hindpaw were counted for 45 min. High-dose rapamycin (1.0 mg/kg) produced significant antinociceptive effects in both the first and second phases of formalin test. The number of Fos-ir cells in the ipsilateral TNC was also reduced by high-dose rapamycin compared with vehicle-treated animals. Furthermore, the number of p-p38-ir cells the in ipsilateral TNC was significantly decreased in animals treated with high-dose rapamycin; p-p38 expression was co-localized in microglia, but not neurons and astrocytes. Therefore, the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, reduces orofacial nociception and Fos expression in the TNC, and its antinociceptive action on orofacial pain may be associated with the inhibition of p-p38 MAPK in the microglia.

Objective: : The fate of partially thrombosed intracranial aneurysms (PTIAs) is not well known after endovascular treatment. The authors aimed to analyze the treatment outcomes of PTIAs. Methods: : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 27 PTIAs treated with endovascular intervention between January 1999 and March 2018. Twenty-one aneurysms were treated with intraluminal embolization (ILE), and six were treated with parent artery occlusion (PAO) with or without bypass surgery. Radiological results, clinical outcomes and risk factors for major recurrence were assessed. Results: : The initial clinical status was similar in both groups; however, the last status was better in the ILE group than in the PAO group (p=0.049). Neurological deterioration resulted from mass effect in one case and rupture in one after ILE, and mass effect in two and perforator infarction in one after PAO. Twenty cases (94.2%) in the ILE group initially achieved complete occlusion or residual neck status. However, 13 cases (61.9%) showed major recurrence, the major causes of which included coil migration or compaction. Seven cases (33.3%) ultimately achieved residual sac status after repeat treatment. In the PAO group, all initially showed complete occlusion or a residual neck, and just one case ultimately had a residual sac. Two cases showed major recurrence, the cause of which was incomplete PAO. Aneurysm wall calcification was the only significantly protective factor against major recurrence (odds ratio, 36.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.85 to 705.18; p=0.018). Conclusion : Complete PAO of PTIAs is the best option if treatment-related complications can be minimized. Simple fluoroscopy is a useful imaging modality because of the recurrence pattern.

Objective: : The fate of partially thrombosed intracranial aneurysms (PTIAs) is not well known after endovascular treatment. The authors aimed to analyze the treatment outcomes of PTIAs. Methods: : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 27 PTIAs treated with endovascular intervention between January 1999 and March 2018. Twenty-one aneurysms were treated with intraluminal embolization (ILE), and six were treated with parent artery occlusion (PAO) with or without bypass surgery. Radiological results, clinical outcomes and risk factors for major recurrence were assessed. Results: : The initial clinical status was similar in both groups; however, the last status was better in the ILE group than in the PAO group (p=0.049). Neurological deterioration resulted from mass effect in one case and rupture in one after ILE, and mass effect in two and perforator infarction in one after PAO. Twenty cases (94.2%) in the ILE group initially achieved complete occlusion or residual neck status. However, 13 cases (61.9%) showed major recurrence, the major causes of which included coil migration or compaction. Seven cases (33.3%) ultimately achieved residual sac status after repeat treatment. In the PAO group, all initially showed complete occlusion or a residual neck, and just one case ultimately had a residual sac. Two cases showed major recurrence, the cause of which was incomplete PAO. Aneurysm wall calcification was the only significantly protective factor against major recurrence (odds ratio, 36.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.85 to 705.18; p=0.018). Conclusion : Complete PAO of PTIAs is the best option if treatment-related complications can be minimized. Simple fluoroscopy is a useful imaging modality because of the recurrence pattern.

PURPOSE: Computer-aided diagnosis system was developed to improve the accuracy and the efficacy of the image interpretation. This article is to provide a possibility of computer- aided diagnosis for detection of masses in mammograms. METHODS: The craniocaudal and mediolateral images of 120 mammograms from 30 patients that were histologically proven to be malignant and 30 patients that were histologically proven to be benign were analysed using the mammography softwere. The contralateral mammograms were used as control images. Correct marks of the lesions were scored as a true positive and marks not at the location of the lesions were scored as a false negative. Any marks of the normal images were scored as a false positive and no mark of normal images were scored as a true negative. RESULTS: It took approximately 2 min to scan and 1 min to process 24 by 18-cm mammograms. There was an average of 1.4, 2.0 and 2.1 marks per image in normal, benign and malignant mammograms respectively. Mass detection rate of malignant lesion was 90.0% (27 of 30) and that of benign lesion was 63.6% (21 of 33). Mass detection rate of dense breasts was 68.8% (22 of 32) and that of fatty breasts was 83.9% (26 of 31). Mass detection rate of BI-RADS category 4, 5 and 0 was 85.7% (42 of 49) and that of category 1, 2 and 3 was 42.9% (6 of 14). The overall sensitivity was 76.2% and specificity was 28.1%. CONCLUSION: In this study, mass detection rate for malignant lesions was higher than that of benign lesions and dense breast has lower detection rate than fatty breast. According to the BI-RADS category, mass detection rate was higher in the more malignant category. Computer-aided diagnosis system for this study had limited specificity but acceptable sensitivity.
Breast* ; Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Mammography ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Structural micro-fat graft is one of the surgical techniques for facial rejuvenation, and it is reliable for correction of sunken upper eyelids especially. However, several factors may influence surgical outcomes substancially. The author introduces the modified micro-fat graft to correct sunken eyelids and multiple eyelid folds to make better results. A series of 162 patients who underwent the refined structural micro-fat graft were included in this study. The purified fat was injected into the subcutaneous and sub-orbicularis oculi muscle layer of the upper eyelids through the 19-gauge cannula with 1 ml syringe. After the operation, all patients were followed up on 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6months, and 1 year. Clinical photographs were taken every visit and the author evaluated the volume and symmetry of the eyelids and checked the satisfaction of each patient and any complications. Among the 162 patients, 156 patients were satisfied with the upper eyelid volume after primary fat graft and other 6 patients were performed secondary fat graft. Even though the volume of the fat was sufficient, 4 patients showed palpable fat nodule during the follow-up period. Modified micro-fat graft is a simple, safe, and alternative method to correct sunken eyelids and multiple eyelid folds.
Blepharoplasty ; Catheters ; Eyelids ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Muscles ; Rejuvenation ; Syringes ; Transplants

BACKGROUND: Studies of the ear-molding technique have emphasized the importance of initiating molding early to achieve the best results. In the present study, we describe the immediate effects and long-term outcomes of this technique, focusing on children who were older than the ideal age of treatment initiation. METHODS: Patients who visited our institution from July 2014 to November 2015 were included. Medical charts were reviewed to collect data on demographics, the duration of treatment, the types of deformities, and the manner of recognition of the deformity and referral to our institution. Parents were surveyed to assess the degree of improvement, the level of procedural discomfort at the end of treatment, any changes in the shape of the molded auricle, and overall satisfaction 12 months after their last follow-up visits. RESULTS: A review of 28 ears in 18 patients was conducted, including the following types of deformities: constricted ear (64.2%), Stahl ear (21.4%), prominent ear (7.1%), and cryptotia (7.1%). The average score for the degree of improvement, rated on a 5-point scale (1, very poor; 5, excellent), was 3.5 at the end of treatment, with a score of 2.6 for procedural discomfort (1, very mild; 5, very severe). After 12 months, the shapes of all ears were well maintained. The average overall satisfaction score was 3.6 (1, very dissatisfied; 5, very satisfied). CONCLUSIONS: We had reasonable outcomes in older patients. After 1 year of follow-up, these outcomes were well maintained. Patients past the ideal age at presentation can still be candidates for the molding technique.
Child ; Congenital Abnormalities* ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Demography ; Ear ; Ear Cartilage ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fungi ; Humans ; Parents ; Referral and Consultation ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND: Human skin is exposed to various environmental stresses, such as heat, cold, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) induced by temperature elevations, as a physiologic response to mediate repair mechanisms and reduce cellular damage. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the induction of HSPs in human skin cells after UV exposure. METHODS: We performed immunoblotting using a specific monoclonal antibody to the HSP70 family, one of the best-conserved stress proteins in humans, with cultured normal human keratinocytes, A431 cells, human melanocytes, SK30 cells, and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). RESULTS: Our results indicated that high expression of HSP70 in the unstressed state was noted in epidermal cells, including normal human keratinocytes, A431 cells, human melanocytes, and SK30 cells, but epidermal cells showed no additional up-regulation of HSP70 after UV irradiation. On the other hand, HDF expressed very small amounts of HSP70 at baseline, but significantly higher amounts of HSP70 after UV exposure. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that constitutive expression of HSP70 in epidermal cells may be an important mechanism for protection of the human epidermis from environmental stresses, such as sunlight exposure.
Cold Temperature ; Epidermis ; Fibroblasts ; Hand ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; Hot Temperature ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; Keratinocytes ; Melanocytes ; Skin ; Sunlight ; Up-Regulation

Syringomyelia is a relatively uncommon, chronic, slowly progressive, degenerative process characterized by cavitation and gliosis within the substance of the spinal cord and/or the medulla. There have been only a few case reports in Korea. The authors reviewed 17 patients with syringomyelia diagnosed by delayed metrizamide spinal CT and/or MR imaging at Seoul National University Hospital from January, 1983 to June, 1987. Eleven were male and the age of onset was less than 40 in 16 (mean 23.4). The mean duration of symptoms was 87.1 months (range 3-276). Clinical features were similar to classical cases except sphincter involovement and abnormal sweating were more common in this report. The syrinx cavity which showed dye collection within spinal cord in delayed metrizamide spinal CT and low signal intensity in T1 weighted MR imaging was located mainly at cervicothoracic junction. The causes were the hindbran abnormality in 5, intramedullary cord tumor in 5, trauma in 3, adhesive arachnoiditis in 1 and unknown in 3. The cases with sensory dissociation had shorter duration of symptoms than those without sensory dissociation and showed normal results in SEPs study. Eleven patients were treated surgically and nine of them improved. MRI and SEPs are thought to be good aids for the understanding of the mechanism and course of syringomyelia.
Adhesives ; Age of Onset ; Arachnoid ; Arachnoiditis ; Gliosis ; Humans ; Korea ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Metrizamide ; Seoul ; Spinal Cord ; Sweat ; Sweating ; Syringomyelia*