Interstitial pneumonia is a heterogenous group of inflammatory and fibrosing lesions that manifest themselves as infiltrative lung disease. Of these, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is characterized as a variable degree of interstitial inflammation with or without fibrosis and is distinguished from usual interstitial pneumonia and desquamative interstitial pneumonia, histologically. The influx of inflammatory cells and the responses of immune effector cells injury to the alveolar wall and these initial injuries results in alveolitis and fibrosis. Consequently, the gas exchange throughout the alveolar wall is impaired and the patients suffer from lung diseases of a restrictive pattern. The chief complaints represented are dyspnea and dry cough. We experienced a case of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia in a 10-year old girl. The patient had been healthy and had not been exposed to organic dusts or other toxic materials. The pathology of lung biopsy tissue showed that the alveoli were thickened by a mixture of chronic inflammatory cells and collagen type fibrosis. High resolution computed tomography(HRCT) found the patchy areas of ground-glass opacity with patchy consolidation and irregular reticular opacity, and diffuse distribution without zonal predominance. The forced vital capicity(FVC) was 31%, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 29% and FEV1/FVC 90%, so a restrictive pulmonary insufficiency was found.
Biopsy ; Child* ; Collagen ; Cough ; Dust ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Fluconazole ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ; Inflammation ; Lung ; Lung Diseases ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial* ; Pathology

BACKGROUND: Dense breast reduced the sensitivity of mammography in breast cancer screening and known as an independent risk factor of breast cancer. The relationship between breast density and age, body mass index has studied. However, there are few studies on the relationship between breast density and lifestyle related disease. In this study, we investigated the relationship between mammographic breast density and lifestyle related disease. METHODS: Retrospective cross sectional research was carried out from people who visited a single health screening center in Busan from January 2015 to December 2015. We investigated age, past history of the subjects and measured their height, weight, blood pressure and waist circumference. The biochemical test was carried out using their blood. All patients underwent mammography. The breast density on mammography determined by the basis of American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR BI-RADS) breast composition and 996 people was recruited. RESULTS: In the distribution of breast density, 16.3% of women (n=160) had dense breast. Age (under 49), body mass index (BMI) (underweight) were positively correlated with the BI-RADS composition category 3, 4 but the number of lifestyle related disease were negatively correlated (age ρ=0.17, BMI ρ=0.39, the number of lifestyle related disease ρ=-0.21). The odds ratio (OR) of dense breast increased with decreasing lifestyle related disease severity (OR=3.06, 95% confidence interval: 1.13-8.22, P=0.027). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the number of lifestyle related disease was negatively correlated with mammographic density. The OR of dense breast increased with decreasing lifestyle related disease severity. Therefore, primary physicians should consider negative correlation between breast density and lifestyle related disease in breast cancer screening.
Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Busan ; Female ; Humans ; Information Systems ; Life Style* ; Mammography* ; Mass Screening ; Odds Ratio ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Waist Circumference

BACKGROUND: The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is a widely used six-item questionnaire. Its completion require a few minutes, but such time may be too much for busy clinicians and large epidemiologic surveys. The goals of this study was to compare the sensitivity and the specificity of Heavy Smoking Index (HSI) of high nicotine dependence. METHODS: The FTND was administered to 943 current smokers from a smoking-cessation clinic in Gwangjin-gu, Seoul. The HSI which combines two items of the FTND (the number of cigarettes per day and the time of the first cigarette of the day) was compared to the FTND. We measured cigarette per day, duration of smoking, and age of smoking initiation. RESULTS: A cutoff score equal or greater than 4 on the HSI detected a similar rate of nicotine dependence as a cutoff score equal or greater than 6 on the FTND. The HSI showed a sensitivity of 88.0% and a specificity of 86.5%. The concordance between the two instruments was high (kappa= 0.74). CONCLUSION: The HSI was proven to be very useful. If HSI had a proper validity, the HSI can be a good standard of high nicotine dependence for busy clinician and epidemiologists.
Nicotine ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Use Disorder